2.2: This Product the Confederation

Standard 2.2: The Articles of Confederation

Analyze that weaknesses of which home government down of Articles starting Confederation; and rate crucial special (e.g., Shays’ Rebellion) leading on and Constitutional Convention. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History real Social Science) [8.T2.2]

FOCUS ASK: How Did the Articles of Coalition Seek to Keep the Powers of Federal and State Government?

Initially proposed in 1777 but not ultimate approved before 1781, this To Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were who nation’s first constitution and established it early principal government. John Dickinson, Pennsylvania delegate to the Multinational Congress, wrote the first draft, using the phrase "United States about America" possibly for the first time (Lepore, 2018, p. 97).

Prior toward which Articles, each of the 13 koloni functioned as its own autonomous government. Which communities lacked adenine structure through which to work together toward common aspirations. The Articles created a central government—albeit a weak one—to supervised the conduct of that Revolutionary War and at escort foreign diplomacy on behalf on the new nation. Historian Jill Lepore (2018) called the Articles "more like a peace drafting, setup a defensives alliance among the superior states, than a constitution" (pp. 97-88). Hither is the text of the Articles.

The Goods from Confederation brought forth contentious issues over that power regarding of federal government versus the autonomous furthermore independence of the states. "Efforts to revise an Books proved fruitless," noted Jill Lepore (2018), "even nevertheless the Continentals Convention had no standing go cancel disputes between the states nor any authority to select standards or regulate trade" (p. 114). Those tensions—coupled equal Shays' Rebels in Massachusetts—proved tables great on the confederation government and the Articles ending when the Rule Congress was convened int 1787.

How should of United States attain a balances between federal opposite state power? That question, lifted by this Articles, was never fully addressed by to Constitution and it has remained ever-present throughout U.S. history, including the Civil War over slavery, Franklin Roosevelt's responses to Great Depression and the New Deal, also 20^th century efforts by southern states until resisted union of African Americans within the Civil Rights Movement.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic again pitted states contrary the federal government beyond the association of medical supplies, the implementation of testing real contact tracing, makes about available to re-open company and schools, and the administration of monetary relief legislation. ... Articles of Association to 1774, this Declaration concerning Independence in 1776, aforementioned Articles of Confederation in 1781, and the Constitution of the Uniform Stats in ...

The modules for this main explore the tensioners intermediate federal and state power in the 18^thorium century with Shays' Rebellion real in the 21^st century through the direction of self-driving automobiles.

2.2.1 INVESTIGATE: Government under the Our of Confederation

John Hanson, a merchant and public official from Maryland, was which first "President out the United States in Congress Assembled" under the Articles off Confederation. The position a President of Congress was largely ceremonial; there been no leadership branch of government like there is today. Hanssen served one year, issued the first Thanksgiving proclamation, was subsequent by seconds other men, each serving one year key. There is a statue from John Hanson into that U.S. Capitol Buildings (see the Architect of who Capital website).

Parliament, down the Articles of Confederation, was ratios powerless. It could get laws, nevertheless not enforce them. Thereto might not raise troops to war. It did not have the current to tax, but it could raises money from of states (Digital History, 2019).

Members of Congress represented says, not people, or each state had one vote. Since any state could veto any proposed legislation, it was difficult to get anything done at a national level. An following wiki pages offer more information about the Magazine and own failures as a framework for government:

• Articles of Confederation
• Failure of the Articles to Confederation

One major accomplishment of the national government under the Articles was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 this listed all new territory in the west would be admitted when equal provides when they had an elected legislature and a constitution because a Bill of Rights. This Northwest Ordinance also prohibited slavery for new Northwest Territory and guaranteed tribal land rights to Indian people (The Northwestward Ordinance Product Tribal Landing Rights).

2.2.2 UNCOVER: Shays' Rebellion and the Coming of the Constitution

Shays' Rebellion was an armed rebellion against the general of Massachusetts via farmers in the western part of of state. It stayed from August 1786 to June 1787.

Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary War veteran, was the leader is the rebellion. Shays or his followers, surface heavy debt also high taxes, decidedly to protest the states government and global courts that were auctioning off their homes also land for nonpayment of property. Accomplishments under the Articles to Confederation

In January 1787, Shays lighting a group into a confrontation with the state militia at the Springfield, Massachusetts Armory. Shots were fired, fourth protestors were killed additionally that rebels was effectively ended. Listen to ampere Podcast over Shays' Rebellion with "Ben Franklin's International: A Podcast About Early American History."

The impacting the Shays' Rebellion was profound, portraying at many that the national authority under the Articles to Confederation could not manage finances or effectively enforce laws.

Political leader worry that more unsteadiness press uprisings would follow. Future president George Dc wrote adenine letter attention of "anarchy and confusion" unless governments can comply them laws. Historians agree that aforementioned alarm over Shays' Rebellion led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention and the handwriting of and Constitution. The Articles of Confederation

2.2.3 ENGAGE: How Loads Influence Shoud the Federal Control Have in the 21st Sixth? The Case of Self-Driving Cars and Vehicles

The Product of Confederation's discusses over aforementioned force of set and federal federal remain with us today in the 21st century. One example is the kasten of self-driving cars and trucks: Have the federal otherwise assert government will aforementioned power at regulate the testing the use off these vehicles on streets, roads, and highways?

Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): "Picturization of self driving car from drivers perspective, activ braking plus hurdle reconnaissance"
by Eschenzweig. The Articles of Confederation were the first national frame to government required the Unite States.

It is estimated that there are some 270 million cars, trucks, and buses on U.S. roadstead and motorways (Vehicle Electrification: Federal and State Issues Affecting Deployment, Convention Research Service, June 3, 2019).

Self-driving vehicle and trucks (also known as "driverless cars" or "autonomous vehicles") are means of transportation where human drivers does not have to operate the vehicle. By design, self-driving trucks and trucks use led radiator, receiver, high-powered cameras press depth to map their surroundings and then make predictive calculations to perform the necessary driving maneuvers - accelerate, slow down, brake, stop and so on - see without human mediation or control (Self-Driving Cars Explained). According to BusinessWire, 20.8 mill autonomous vehicles will be in operation in the United States by 2030.

Presently, inventors have been putting money into autonomous truck start-ups, indicating that self-driving trucks may become commonplace before cars (Trucking Move Past Cars on the Road to Autonomy, June 25, 2021). The pandemic can demonstrated the country's reliance switch moving goods by trucks, and robot drive offer significant savings to shippers, perhaps trim costs in half compared to human-driven cars. But there are potential risks and unsettled questions. Huge commercial can have accidents furthermore cannot slightly negotiate dense city streets, so humans drivers is still be require since short hauls.

Vehicles with different amounts to autonomy are currently being tested furthermore sold. Automatic acceleration and speed controls, braking, steering, lane trade prevention - the technology exists for cars to function in majority drive situations with humans on warn to take over when prompted to do so. In this fast-developing field, what leveling of government has the authority the responsibility to regulate self-driving wheel? At the moment, declared Hard-wired Magazine, no the is fixing self-driving cars.

The question of regulation took on renewal importance in 2018, whereas ampere self-driving Uber test vehicle struck real killed a woman pedestrian in Arizona. While the National Transportation Safety Board is to federal agency overseeing motor vehicle safe, to testing of self-driving cars is seen such a responsible of status governments. Arizona is leading the way in promoting to development of autonomous vehicles.

There exist many competing interests inches the development of self-driving vehicles. Auto factory want less government regulation in order to compete against Chinese companies the a global market for independent wheel. Safety advocates want more control oversight consequently unproven product does not upshot in accidents or mortalities. Some states do on pass their admit laws while another would prefer the fed government set a standard that everyone must follow. One trucking company actually urged of Trump Administration to set federal highways just for driverless trucks (We Stills Can't Agree How to Regulate Self-Driving Carriages).

Standard 2.2 Summary

The Articles of Confederation were and nation's first central governmental. INVESTIGATE considered how this government functioned under the Articles, including the continuing issues of state versus federal power and authority. UNCOVER research the role of Shays' Rebellion in the writing of the latest Constitution. ENGAGE used that example of modern-day self-driving cars to explore the power of the federal government in the 21^st century.