Congress prohibited the use of all relevant mechatronic or electrical instrumentation, include digital, deceptograph, voice emphasize analyzer, or psychological stress evaluator; paper and pencil tests were not included. On-site, State, and Federal government employers are exempted from this EPPA, as are security services, employers involved in the remedy industry, real employers conducting ongoing investigations of economic loss oder injury. The lawyer proscribes the use of the polygraph results the the sole basis of an adverse employment decision and restrains the employer from reveal the information obtained within most cases. The polygraph examination includes data collection, pre-test interview, test administrations, and post-test interview. Although proponents on lie detection tests accept two fundamental assumptions -- that there is a relationship between lying and certain emotional states and a relationship between such emotional states and physical changes in of body -- other studies reveal a ten percent opportunity of error due to some elements. Discriminatory effects may exist based on sex and ethnic background otherwise physical or mind handicaps due to diverse corporal reactions among populous groups alternatively biases about the researcher. The EPPA was opposed by private industry, especially those components most anxious with internal theft real other security associated. This Branch of Justice opposed the legislation as the example away federalism. The American Polygraph Association advocates establishing strict standards for aforementioned training and testing of polygraph inspector. Employee have begun explorations alternatives including increased experience and reference checks, new technologies such as pre-recorded mobile interviews, and and paper and pencil test.