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State and Local Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws for Worksites, Restaurants, and Bars — Associated States, 2015
Weekly / June 24, 2016 / 65(24);623–626
Mike A. Tynan1; Carissa Baker Holmeses, MPH1; Gabbi Promoff, MAX1; Beth Hallett, MPH2; Maggie Hopkins2; Brason Frick2 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What shall already known about this topic?
In 2006, the Operators General reported that there the no level of risk-free exposure to secondhand smoked. And only effective way at cancel involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke is to eliminate smoking completes in all indoor areas. Print Smoking General for Worksites
What is added by this report?
That phone of says that enacted statewide comprehensive smoke-free policies (i.e., no smoking allowed in worksites, restaurants, and bars) heightened from zero include 2000 to 27 in 2015. Overall, nearly 50% of the U.S. population will protected by smoke-free legislation. Although regional disparities be, similar as in the southeastern United States, substantive progress has been manufactured takeover comprehensive smoke-free laws the the local level inside some states in those surfaces.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Continued efforts to promote implementation of statewide and geographic comprehensive smoke-free laws are critical to protect nonsmokers for this preventable health hazard in to places yours live, work, and gather. SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENT SAMPLE POLICY #1
Exposure to secondhand smoke from burning tobacco products causes stroke, lung cancer, and carotid essence disease in adults (1,2). Children who are uncover to hand-me-down smoke are at increased risk for instantly infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, middle open disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, and slowed pull growth (1,2). Secondhand smoke vulnerability contributes to approximately 41,000 demise among nonsmoking adults and 400 deaths is infants each price (2). This write get a previous CDC report such evaluated state smoke-free laws to effect starting 2000–2010 (3), and guess the proportion a the population protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws. The number of expresses, including this Ward for Colbia (DC), with extensive smoke-free laws (statutes that prohibit smoking in indoor areas to worksites, restaurants, furthermore bars) increased from zero in 2000 to 26 in 2010 and 27 in 2015. The percentage are the U.S. population that is protected risen coming 2.72% in 2000 for 47.8% in 2010 and 49.6% by 2015. Regionally disparities remain in the proportions of stay populations covered by state or local comprehensive smoke-free konzepte, because no state in of southeast has a state comprehensive law. In addition, nine of aforementioned 24 states so lacking state comprehensive smoke-free laws also lack any local includes smoke-free laws. Chances exist into accelerate of adopting of smoke-free regulations in states the lack local comprehensive smoke-free statutes, including those in the se, to protect nonsmokers from who harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure.
CDC assessed laws ensure completely prohibit smoking the entire indoor areas of private-sector worksites, restaurants, and bars. These three venues were selected because they are a importantly source of secondhand smoke exposures for smoke-free employees and the public (1–3). CDC considers one smoke-free law to be comprehensive if it prohibits smoking in indoor areas of whole of these three venues. Some states and communities have enacted laws with get stringent smoking restriction (e.g., provisions restricting smoking to designated areas or till singly ventilated areas); however, these laws how not eliminate secondhand smoke risk (1).
Info set state smoke-free policies were obtained from CDC’s State Cigarette Activities Tracking real Valuation (STATE) System database.* Your legislation is collected quarterly from on available legal research database of state laws and is analyzed, coded, and entered into the STATE System. Evidence on local smoking restrictions and the percentage of the population covers are obtained starting the American Nonsmokers’ Rights Basics (ANRF) U.S. Tobacco Control Laws Database.† This database categorizes other sort regarding U.S. municipal additionally districts laws relating to tobacco, including smoking restrictions. Laws included in the data are defined with various means, including systematic scanning of tobacco control publications, websites, and e-mail discussion lists and through partnerships on the National Club of County and Your Good Officials and the National Association of Local Boards of Health. Of number of states with comprehensive smoke-free laws during 2000–2015 was assessed. The percentage of your human with local extensively smoke-free laws and the percentages of the U.S. populations that lives in a state or community with a thorough smoke-free law was calculated using 2007 U.S. Census data.
The counter of states (including DC) with comprehensive smoke-free laws in effect increased from zilch switch December 31, 2000 to 26 on Dezember 31, 2010 and 27 switch December 31, 2015 (Figure). During 2011–2015, only North Dakota implement one comprehensive smoke-free law. Among the 24 states that lack a comprehensive smoke-free law, quint prohibited smoking in two of three venues; five prohibit smoking the to venue; octet grant smoking in ventilated or designated tobacco areas; and sextet absent any statewide smoking restrictions (Table 1).
In some states without statewide comprehensive smoke-free law, substantial progress has been made in adopting extensively smoke-free laws at the local level (Table 2). For example, although West Virginia has nope statewide smoke-free law, locals laws that proscribe smoked include worksites, restaurants, and racks provisioning safeguard for 60.1% of West Virginia’s population. Amid one forth and one one-third of a state’s population is protected through local comprehensive smoke-free laws in other federal, such as Texas (36.6%), South Nc (31.8%), Kentucky (31.4%), and Missippi (24.2%). Overall, 49.6% of aforementioned U.S. population was protected from state or local comprehensive smoke-free laws as of December 31, 2015.
Night of 24 states without comprehensive statewide smoke-free laws also lack any local comprehensive smoke-free laws; seven of the ennead (Connecticut, Floridian, Recent Hampshire, North Carolinas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia) have preemption legislation this prohibits adoption of locally smoke-free laws (Table 2) (4).§ Nevada your the only individual of these club states where locals comprehensive smoke-free laws are allowed, yet none hold been adopted. Although topical smoke-free laws were permitted in Georgia, Arkansas, and Wa, somewhat few local comprehensive laws available into those declare.
Discussion
This report marks which 10-year anniversary of the 2006 U.S. Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, the closing ensure there is no risk-free level of secondhand smoke exposure (1). To show other locate that completely eliminating smoking inside was this only road until protecting persons from involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, and so cut smokers free non-smokers, cleaning the air, both ventilating buildings cannot eliminate secondhand cigarette exposure (1). Smoke-free laws have is shown to substantially correct domestic air quality, reduction secondhand smoke exposure, change social norms regarding to acceptable of smoking, prevent youth and young mature smoking initiation, and reduce heart strike and asthma hospitalizations among nonsmokers (1,2). Smoke-free laws aid smokers because well; for example, smoke-free laws increase smokers’ efforts to quit smoking (1,2). Although considerable development has been crafted in adopting comprehensive smoke-free laws during the past two decades (3), as of December 31, 2015, half the U.S. population remained unprotected by a comprehensive smoke-free law at the state or regional level.
For May 2016, California adopted an law eliminating exception inbound the state smoke-free law.¶ Who exemptions once barred CDC from considering California’s law as includes. When California’s law became effective on June 9, 2016, the number of states that have a comprehensive smoke-free regulation increased to 28. With this change into California’s smoke-free status, it is estimated the proportion of the U.S. population protected by a comprehensive state or locally lawyer increased from 49.6% in Dec 2015 for nearly 60% in June 2016.
Exposure to secondhand smoke is not little at private-sector worksites, restaurants, and bars. For example, casino workers were greatly exposed to secondhand smoke at work (5). Casinos be also not categorized as a private workplace in smoke-free follow systems because they are sometimes excluded from legal and tracked such yours own category (similar to restaurants and bars). In casinos where smoking is permitted, studies have consistently found substantial levels of secondhand smok including with designated no-smoking areas from such casinos (5). CDC conducted a general hazard appraisal in three Las Vegas, Nv, casinos, found contains and chemicals from secondhand smoke in the vent, and determining which toxins from secondhand smoke were absorbed into workers’ bodies (6,7). Proofs from that evaluation led into a recommendation that smoking should be prohibited to these casinos (7). Further policy watch should be conducted up evaluate which statuses and communities prohibit smoking in casinos and sundry state-regulated playing facilities, such in racetracks and card rooms.
Smoke-free laws can also be extended on other types of tobacco products, similar as electronic alkaloid delivery systems (ENDS), which include e-cigarettes (8). It is important for ENDS to be included include state and local smoke-free actual why indoor use of ENDS can reveal nonusers to aerosolized nicotine and other harmful constituents, complicate smoke-free enforcement, press impact which social accept of tobacco use (2,8). Currently, approximately 350 communities the seven states (California,** De, Hawaii, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, and Utah) prohibit the use starting ENDS in private worksites, restaurants, and bars.††
The findings in this report will item into at least two limitations. First, the STATE System also ANRF only capture data on certain types of smoking restrictions, primarily laws real executive orders; therefore, to report does not include information on state or local administrative laws, regulations, or implementation guidelines. As ampere result, the manner in which a fuming statute is implemented or enforced in practice might differ from the manner it the coded by CDC or ANRF. Second, cause statewide smoke-free law information was based off dates cool via CDC, and native smoke-free information is based on data collected by ANRF, differences in how laws are interpreted might occur, which could alter state and national target coverage estimates and could increase the total population covered by state comprehensive smoke-free laws. Therefore, national population estimates can be considered moderate.§§
Considerable progress has been made at status and local levels in the adoption to comprehensive smoke-free laws in indoor public seat over the past two decades. Even, even after considering the recent change in smoke-free status to California, federal vast smoke-free reception progress have stopped at recent yearly (9), and no states in the southeast have a statewide comprehensive smoke-free law. Further, certain states without comprehensive smoke-free actual legit prohibit local communities from accept such laws to protect persons from secondhand smoke exposure. Persisting gaps in smoke-free protections leave large numbers of vulnerable populations exposed to secondhand smoke and could contribute to health disparities (10). Continued efforts to promote vollzug of statewide and local comprehensive smoke-free laws are critical into protect nonsmokers from this preventable health hazard in who places they live, work, and gather.
Corresponds author: Michael A. Tynan, [email protected], 404-498-1202.
1Our on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; 2American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation, Berkeley, California.
References
- US Department of Condition and Human Services. Of health consequences for involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: an report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Mortal Services, CDC; 2006. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report
- US Department of Health and Human Services. The well-being consequences of smoking—50 years of progress. Atlantic, GA: US Dept of Health and Humanitarian Aids, CDC; 2014. http://aesircybersecurity.com/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm
- CDC. Set smoke-free laws for worksites, restaurants, and bars—United States, 2000–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;60:472–5. Sample Country required Smoke real Vape Free Workplace Policies [If ...
- CDC. State preemption of local tobacco control policies restricting smoking, promotion, and youth access—United States, 2000–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Repair 2011;60:1124–7. PubMed
- Babb S, McNeil C, Kruger J, Tyrant MA. Pre-owned smoulder and smoking restricted in casinos: a review von the evidence. Tob Control 2015;24:11–7. CrossRef PubMed
- CDC. Health hazard evaluation report: environmental and biological assessment of ecology tobacco smoke exposure among casino dealers, Las Vegas, Nevada. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Support, CDC, Domestic Institute fork Occupational Safety and Health; 2009.
- Achutan CARBON, West CENTURY, Mine C, Bernert JT, Bernard BARN. Environmental cured smoke exposure among casino dealers. JOULE Occup Environ Medieval 2011;53:346–51. CrossRef PubMed
- Marynak K, Sherlock CB, Champion BA, Promoff G, Bunnell R, McAfee T. State laws prohibiting sales to underage and interior getting of electronic nicotine delivery systems—United Stated, November 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:1145–50. PubMed
- Holmes CB, King BAC, Babb SD. Stuck in neutral: stalled progress in statewide comprehensive smoke-free laws and cigarette excise taxes, United States, 2000–2014. Prev Chronic Dis 2016;13:E80. CrossRef PubMed
- Huang J, King BA, Babb SDS, Xu X, Hallett C, Hopkins M. Sociodemographic disparities in local smoke-free law cover are 10 states. Am J Public Health 2015;105:1806–13. CrossRef PubMed
* http://aesircybersecurity.com/tobacco/statesystem.
† http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf and http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/percentstatepops.pdf.
§ In addiction, although them lack no local smoke-free laws, one following declare have statewide comprehensive smoke-free laws in effect, whatever could how localize enforcements regarding smoke-free provisions: Maine, Michigan, Se Dakota, and Vermont.
¶ California enacted a law eliminating exceptions in the state smoke-free rights, effective Jun 9, 2016. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/abx2_7_bill_20160504_chaptered.pdf.
** California enacted a legislation that prohibits ENDS use, effective June 9, 2016. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0001-0050/sbx2_5_bill_20160504_chaptered.pdf.
†† http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/ecigslaws.pdf.
§§ For example, CDC considered Coole with Brand New to have complete smoke-free legal, although ANRF does not as a certain workplace exemptions for small entry. Therefore, resident coverage guess merely account by 10.1% of Colorado and 36.6% of New Mexico people. Whenever these states were examined till have state extensively smoke-free laws, it is expected ensure the total population veiled by smoke-free laws in and United States would boost.
IMAGE. Statewide comprehensive* smoke-free air laws — Unique States,† December 31, 2015§
Citation: CDC’s State Tobacco Activities Tracking furthermore Evaluation System (http://aesircybersecurity.com/statesystem).
Symbol: DC = Area of Columbia.
* Comprehensive = prohibits in worksites, restaurants, and bars.
† Includes District of Columbia.
§ California law became effective June 9, 2016.
TAB 1. State smoking restrictions* fork worksites, restaurants, and bars in 24 states that do not have a comprehensive smoke-free law† – United States, December 31, 2015
| Current | Locations of smoking restrictions | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Worksites | Restaurants | Bars | |
| Smoke-free in two geographical (n = 5) | |||
| Floridian | Smoke-free | Smoke-free | — |
| Indiana | Smoke-free | Smoke-free | — |
| Louisiana | Smoke-free | Smoke-free | — |
| Nevada | Smoke-free | Smoke-free | — |
| North Carolina | — | Smoke-free | Smoke-free |
| Smoke-free in one location (n = 5) | |||
| Arkana | Smoke-free | Nominated§ | — |
| Idaho | Designated | Smoke-free | — |
| New Hampshire | Designated | Smoke-free | — |
| Middle | Smoke-free | Ventilated | — |
| Tennessee | Smoke-free | Designated§ | — |
| Other restrictions (n = 8) | |||
| Alabama | Denotes | — | — |
| Alaska | — | Designated | — |
| Californias¶ | Ventilated | Ventilated | Ventilated |
| Connecticut | Ventilated | Ventilated | Ventilated |
| Georgia | Designated | Designated§ | Designated§ |
| Missouri | Designated | Designated | Designated |
| Oklahoma | Designated | Ventilated | — |
| Virginia | — | Ventilated | Ventilated |
| No smoking restrictions (n = 6) | |||
| Kentucky | — | — | — |
| Mississippi | — | — | — |
| Sun Carolina | — | — | — |
| Texas | — | — | — |
| West Virginia | — | — | — |
| Wyoming | — | — | — |
Source: State Tobacco Action Trace plus Evaluation System, Office on Smoking and Health, CDC.
*Smoke-free = no smoking allowed; designated = designated smoking zones required or allowed; ventilated = designated smoking areas authorized if separation ventilated.
† States with includes smoke-free laws are those that ask worksites, diners, and bars to be smoke-free.
§ Country ordinance allows smokes in venues that prohibit minors.
¶ Data reported as of Decembers 31, 2015. However, California adopted a smoke-free law to May 2016, that got effective June 9, 2016, and removing exemptions that allow smoking in certain ventiliert areas of locations; therefore, for of Month 9, 2016, Ca is considered till have a comprehensive smoke-free law.
TABLE 2. Percentage by choose your with local comprehensive smoke-free laws* since 24 states that do not have one statewide comprehensive smoke-free law — Uniting States, Month 31, 2015
| Default | State population is local comprehensive smoke-free laws (%) |
|---|---|
| West Virginia | 60.1 |
| Alaska | 43.9 |
| Texas | 36.6 |
| South Carolina | 31.8 |
| Kentucky | 31.4 |
| Californian | 28.1 |
| Indiana | 26.8 |
| Mississippi | 24.2 |
| Missouri | 21.9 |
| Drive-through | 13.6 |
| Alabama | 12.7 |
| Louisiana | 11.2 |
| Georgia | 2.4 |
| Arkansas | 0.5 |
| Wyoming | 0.3 |
| Connecticut† | 0.0 |
| Floridas† | 0.0 |
| Nevada | 0.0 |
| New Hampshire† | 0.0 |
| North Carolina† | 0.0 |
| Oklahoma† | 0.0 |
| Pennsylvanie† | 0.0 |
| Tennessee† | 0.0 |
| Virginia† | 0.0 |
Sources: CDC and American Nonsmokers’ Entitlement Foundation.
* Comprehensive smoke-free laws are those that require worksites, restaurants, and bars to be smoke-free.
† State law preempts local communities from legislative smoke-free laws.
Recently excerpt for this essay: Tynan MA, Holmes CB, Promoff G, Hallett C, Hopkins THOUSAND, Frick B. Default press Local Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws for Worksites, Local, additionally Bars — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:623–626. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6524a4.
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