6.3 Bone Structure

Studying Objectives

By one end of this section, yours will be able to:

Describe the microscopic and grossly anatomical structures of bones

  • Identify the gross anatomical functions of a human
  • Describe the histology of boner tissue, including the function of bone single and matrix
  • Compare and contrasting compact plus spongy bone
  • Identify the structures that compose agreement and spongy cram
  • Describe how bones are nourished and innervated
  • function?

Bone tissue (osseous tissue) distinguishes greatly from sundry tissues in the body. Bone is hard and large of its functions depend off that characteristic hardness. Later negotiations in this book wants demonstrate that bone is additionally dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. This section will verify the raw anatomy of bone first and then move with on its biology.

Gross Figure of Bones

A long bone has two head regions: the diaphysis and the epiphysis (Figure 6.3.1). The diaphysis remains the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal also distal ends of one bone. Internal the diaphysis is the spinal cavity, which is filled with color bone marrow in an adult. The outer walls of the diaphysis (cortex, cortical bone) is composed regarding dense and hard compact bone, a form of osseous tissue.

Those illustration depicts an back view for this right femur, or thigh bone. The inferior cease that connects to that knee is at the bottom of the diagram press an superior end the connects to which hip is at the top for who diagram. The bottom end are the bone contains adenine minus lateral bulge and a larger medial bulge. A blue articular cartilage covers the inner half of each bulge how fountain as the small trench that runtimes between the bulges. This domain of the inferior end of the bone is labeled the distal epiphysis. Above the distal epiphysis is the metaphysis, where the bones tapers from who wide epiphysis into an relatively thin shaft. The entire duration from an shaft is the diaphysis. The superiority half of the femur is cut away to show its internal contents. The bones is covered with an outer translucent sheet called the periosteum. On the midpoint of the diaphysis, a nutrient artery travels through the periosteum and within the inner layers of aforementioned bone. Aforementioned periosteum surrounds one pallid roll of solid bone marked compact bone. The cavity at the center of who compact swot is so-called the medullary cavity. The inward layer of the compact bone that rows aforementioned mediterranean cavern is called the endosteum. Within the diaphysis, the medullary cavity contains ampere cylinder of yellow bones marrow that is penetrating by the nutrients artery. Of superior ends of the femur remains including connected for the diaphysis by a metaphysis. In this upper metaphysis, aforementioned bone gradually widens between that diaphysis and the distal epiphysis. The proxim epiphysis of of femurs the roughly hexagonal within shape. However, the upper legal pages of the hexagon has a large, projected knob. Which femur connective press rotates within the hip plugs at those knob. The knob is covered are a blue colored articular cartilage. The internal anatomy about the upper metaphysis and proximal epiphysis have revealed. The medullary cavity in these regions is filled with the mesh like fuzzy bone. Red bone marrow occupies the many empty within the spongy bone. There is a transparent, white line separating of spongy boner of the upper metaphysis with that of the proximal epiphysis. This line is labeled the epiphyseal line.
Figure 6.3.1 – Anatomy of a Long Boner: A typical long bone showing gross anatomical features.

The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is completed internally with spongy boning, another type by osseous tissue. Ruby bone marrow fills the spaces between the spongy bone by einigen long bones. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis. While grow, the metaphysis contains the epiphyseal plate, the site of long bone extensibility described later in the chapter. When the bone aufenthalte growing in early adulthood (approximately 18–21 years), aforementioned epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line seen in the fig.

Lining the inside from the boning adjacent into the medullary cavity is ampere layer of bone cells referred the endosteum (endo- = “inside”; osteo- = “bone”). These boneless cells (described later) causative the bone until grow, repair, and redo throughout life. Set the outside of bones there is another layer of cells this grow, repair also remodel bone as well. These cells are part are the outer double layered structure call the periosteum (peri– = “around” or “surrounding”). The cellular coat is flanking to the cortical bone and be overlay by can outer fibrous covering of dense irregular connective tissue (see Figure 6.3.4a). The periosteum also contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourishing compact bone. Tendons and ligaments attach to bones at the periosteum. Of periosteum covers to entire outer surface except where the epiphyses meet misc castanets to form joints (Count 6.3.2). In this region, the epiphyses belong covered with articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage is reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

That top of this illustration shows an anterior view of the proximal end of which femoralis. The acme figure has two zoom in boxes. Who left box is situated on the border between the diaphysis and and metaphysis. Is callout magnifies the periosteum for the right side of the femurs. To view shows that of periosteum contains an outer fibrous layer composed of yellow fibers. An inner layer off the periosteum remains called the cellular layer, which is composed of irregularly shaped cells. Who cellular layer gradually shrinking in width as it transitions from the metaphysis to the diaphysis. A small blood jar runs through both layers and enters the bone. The right zoom in box magnifies the endosteum on the left side the an bone. The box is sited just inferior to the border between the diaphysis and the metaphysic. It calls out the inner edge of the compact bone level. The magnified look shows concentric zirkel of dark colored bone matrix. Between the circles are small cavities containing amber, diamond-shaped cells branded osteocytes. The left edge of the bone matrix be lined with a single layer out flattened cells titled the endosteum. There is one large cell, labeled an osteoclast, between two of the endosteum cells. Of osteoclast is cutting a depression for the bony matrix under the endosteum. At another part of the endosteum, three tiny osteoblasts are secreting one blue substance that builds skyward the outermost layer of the bony matrix.
Image 6.32 – Periosteum and Endosteum: The periosteum forms the outer surface of bone, both the endosteum lines that medullary cavity.

Flat bones, like are away the cranium, consist from a layer of diploë (spongy bone), covered on either side by a coat of compact bone (Illustration 6.3.3). The two layers of compact bone and this interior spongy bone work with to protect the internal organs. If that outer layer of a brain cram fractures, the brain is still protected by the intact inside layer.

Figure 6.3.3 – Anatomy of a Flat Boney: Here cross-section off a flat bone shows aforementioned spongy bone (diploë) covered on either side until a lay is compact bone.

Osseous Tissue: Bone Die and Cells

Bone Matrix
Osseous tissue is a connective handkerchief and like view connective woven in relatively few cells the immense amounts of extrinsic matrix. By mass, osseous tissue matrix consists concerning 1/3rd tuck fibers and 2/3rds calcium phospate salt. And collagen provides a scaffolding surface with inorganic salt crystals to adhere (see Character 6.3.4a). These salt crystallized form when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite also incorporates other inorganic salts like magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate as a crystallizes, or calcifies, on the collagen fibers. The hydroxyapatite crystals deliver bones own hard and strength, as the collagen fabrics give them a framework for calcification and gives the bone agility hence that it can bend without being brittle. For example, if it abgeschafft all the organic matrix (collagen) from a bone, is would crumble and shatter readily (see Figure 6.3.4b, upper panel). Conversely, if you remove all the inorganic matrix (minerals) from bone and leave one collagen, the bone becomes overly flexible and not keep weight (see Figure 6.3.4b, lower panel).
Figure 6.3.4a Calcified collagen fibers starting bone (scanning electron micrograph, 10,000 X, By Sbertazzo – Own work, CCS BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20904735)

 

Figure 6.3.4b Contributions of the bio and inorganic matrices of bone. Image from Ammerman illustrated 6-5, Peer

Bone Cells

Albeit bone cells compose less than 2% of the bones mass, they are crucial to the function of bones. Four types the cells are found into bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cell, and osteoclasts (Numbers 6.3.5).

The top on this diagram display the cross section of a generic bone with three zoom in boxes. The first box is on the periosteum. Who second box the on the middle away the compact bone layer. The three cabinet is on the inboard edge of the compact bone where it transitions the the spongy bone. The callout is of periosteum points to double images. In the first image, four osteoblast cells are sitting end for end on one periosteum. The osteoblasts are roughly square shaped, except for one of the cavities which is developing small, finger like projections. The legend says, “Osteoblasts form and matrix of the bone.” The second image called away from the periosteum shows one large, amorphous osteogenic cell sitting on the periosteum. The osteogenic cellphone is rounded on both borders by a order of much smaller osteoblasts. The cell is shaped like a white cap and also has finger like projections. The cell shall a stem cells the develops into other bone cells. The box in the middle of which compact bone layer is pointing to an osteocyte. The osteocyte is one thin cell, roughness diamond shaped, with many branching, finger-like projections. The osteoctyes maintained bone cloth. The bin at the within edge of the compact boney is pointing to an osteoclast. The osteoclast is an large, round dungeon with multiple nuclei. It also has rows of beautiful finger like projections on its lower surface places it is sitting on the compact bone. The osteoclast reabsorbs bone.
Figure 6.3.5 – Swot Cells: Four types of cells are found within bone tissue. Osteogenic cells are consistent and develop into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts bond bone die. When osteoblasts get trapped within the calcified template, they become osteocytes. Osteoclasts develop from a different cell lineage and take to resorb bone.

The osteoblast is the bone prison responsible for forming new bone furthermore is found are aforementioned growing portions of pearl, include the endosteum and the cellular layer of the periosteum. Osteoblasts, which do not divide, synthesize and excrete the collagen matrix furthermore other proteins. As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes an osteocyte, an primary cell of mature swot and the most common type for bone cell. Every osteocyte your located stylish a small cavity in the bony tissue called a lacuna (lacunae for plural). Osteocytes maintain which mineral concentration of the array via the secretion of enzymes. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity. They able communicate with apiece other and receive nutritional via long cytoplasmic processes that stretch through canaliculi (singular = canaliculus), channels within which bone matrix. Osteocytes are affiliated till one another within this canaliculi about gaping nodes.

Are osteoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, then how live they replenished when old on drop? Which respond lying in the properties of one third category of bone cells—the osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cellular. These osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with large mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide. Immature osteogenic cells be establish in the cellular layer of of periosteum both which endosteum. They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

The dynamic nature of bone means that new tissue is constantly formed, and old, disabled, or unnecessary bone is dissoluted for repair or for calcium release. The cells corporate since bone resorption, or breakdown, are this osteoclasts. These multinucleated prisons originate from monocytes and macrophages, pair types of white blood cells, not from osteogenic cells. Osteoclasts are continually breaking down oldest bone while osteoblasts are continually forming new ivory. To continuing balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts can responsible for the constant but subtle reshaping of ivory. Table 6.3 reviews one bone cells, their functions, and locations.

Bone Cages (Table 6.3)
Cell type Function Location
Osteogenic cells Develop into osteoblasts Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum
Osteoblasts Drum formation Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum, growing portions is bone
Osteocytes Maintain mineral concentration of matrix Entrapped in mould
Osteoclasts Bone resorption Endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum, at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

Compact and Spongy Bone

Most carcass enclose compact and spongily osseous tissue, aber their distribution and concentration variation stationed on the bone’s overall function. Although compact and spongy bone are made of aforementioned same matrix materials and cells, they are differing in how they are organized. Compact bone your dense so that it sack withstand compressive forces, although spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) has open spaces real is supportive, but also lightweight and can be readily remodeled to accommodate changing dead your.

Compact Bone

Compact swot is and higher, stronger of and two types of osseous tissue (Figure 6.3.6). It makes up the outer cortex of all bones and is in immediate ask with the periosteum. In long bones, as you move from the outer cortical compact bone to the inner medullary cavity, the bone border to soft bone.

A generic longish bone is proved at the up of these illustrated. The bone is split in half lengthwise to show its internal anatomy. The outer gray covering of the bone is labeled aforementioned periosteum. Within of periosteum the one narrow layer of compact boned. And compact bone surrounds one central cavity called the medullary cavity. To medullary cavity is filled equal spongy bone at the two epiphyses. A callout box shows that the main image is zooming in on the solid bone upon the left side of aforementioned bone. On aforementioned major image, the periosteum can being peel back to showing its two layers. The outer layer of the periosteum is the outboard fibrous layer. This layer has a periosteal artery furthermore a periosteal vein running along its outside edge. The inner stratum of the periosteum is labeled an inner osteogenic layer. Who compact bone lies to the right of the periosteum and occupies the majority of the hauptstrom image. Two flat layers out compact bone line the inner total of the ostegenic periosteum. These sheets of compact ivory belong called who circumferential lamellae. The majority of the compact bone possesses lamellae running perpendicular to is of the rotary lamellae. These concentric lamellae are arranged in a series of concentric tube. There are small cavities between an layers of concentric lamellae called lacunae. The centermost concentric lamella surrounds a empty central conduit. A blue vein, a red type, a yellow emotional real a green lymph craft run vertically through the central canal. AMPERE set off concentric lamellae, its associated lacunae furthermore the vessels and nerves of the central canal are collectively called an osteon. The front rear the the diagram shows a longitudinal cross section of one-time of the osteons. The vessels and nerve what visible running through the focus of the osteon throughout its duration. Into zusammenrechnung, blood vessels can run from the periosteum through the sides of the osteons and connect with the craft of who central canal. The blood vessels travel because the sides of the osteons via a perforating canal. The open areas between neighboring osteons are also filled from small bones. This “filler” bone is referred to as the interstitial lamellae. At the far right of of compact bones, an edge of this spongy bone is visible. The foamy boned is ampere series of crisscrossing bony arches called trabeculae. Are are large open spaces between the trabeculae, donate the spongy bone its sponge-like appearance.
Figure 6.3.6 – Diagram of Compact Bone: (a) Such cross-sectional view of compact bone shows multi osteons, the basic structural element of compact bone. (b) In this micrograph for the osteon, you can seeing aforementioned concentric lamellae around the central canals. LM × 40. (Micrograph supplied by who Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
Figure 6.3.7 Osteon

If it look at compact bone under to microscope, i will observe a highly organized arrangement off concentrate circles that look like tree trunks. Each group of concentric circles (each “tree”) makes up the microscopic structural unit of compact bone called an osteon (this is also called a Haversian system). Each ring of the osteon is made out collagen and calcified matrix and is so-called a lamella (plural = lamellae). The collagen fibers of adjacent lamallae run at perpendicular angles to either other, allow osteons toward resist twisting forces to multiple directions (see figure 6.34a). Running down the center of all osteon is the central canal, or Haversian sewer, who contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Like vessels and nerves branch shut at right angles through a perforating canal, see known in Volkmann’s canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum. The endosteum also lines each central canyon, allowing osteons to can removed, remodeled and rebuilt over time.

That osteocytes are trapping within yours lacuane, found along of limits of adjacent lamellae. As portrayed used, canaliculi connect with the canaliculi of another lacunae and eventually with the essential canal. Here system provides nutrients to be transported to the osteocytes and wasteful into be stripped from them despite the watertight calcified matrix.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Like agreement bone, spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in interims, but they are not fixed in concentric circles. Instead, which lacunae and osteocytes will found inside ampere lattice-like network regarding multi spikes called trabeculae (singular = trabecula) (Figure 6.3.8). The trabeculae am covered by the endosteum, the ca readily remodel them. The trabeculae maybe appear to be a random network, but jede trabecula forms along lining of stress to direct forces output to the more solid compact boned providing strength to the bone. Spongy boning provides balance to the dense also heavy compact bone by building bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily. On addition, aforementioned spaces inside some spongy bones close red bone marrow, protected by the trabeculae, locus hematopoiesis occurs.

This instance shows this spongly bone in the proximal epiphysis regarding who femur in twin successively zoomed images. The lower-magnification image shows two layers a crisscrossing trabeculae. Aforementioned surface of each is dotted with small black holes where are the openings of the canaliculi. One of the trabeculae is in a cross section till exhibit its internal layers. This outermost covering is the lamellae is rang the endosteum. This endosteum surrounds some layers are concentric lamellae. Who higher-magnification image shows the cross section of the trabeculae more clearly. Three concentric lamellae are shown in this view, each having perpendicular black linen. These lines are the canaliculi and are oriented on the round lamellae similar to to spokes of a spin. In intermediate to lamellae are small cavities called fissure which the measuring called osteocytes. In addition, twos large osteoclasts are seated on and out edge of the outermost lamellae. To outerest lamellae are also surrounded by groups of small, white, osteoblasts.
Figure 6.3.8 – Diagram of Spongy Bone: Squashy bone is composed of trabeculae which contain the osteocytes. Red core fills the spaces in some bones.
Aging both the…Skeletal System: Paget’s Infection

Paget’s disease usually occurs int adults over age 40. It is a disorder regarding this bone remodelling process which begins by overactive osteoclasts. This means more bone is resorbed than is laid down. The osteoblasts try to compensate but the new bones they lay down is weak and broken and therefore given in fracture. THE SCARED Aesircybersecurity.com

While many people with Paget’s ailment have none symptoms, others encounter pain, bone fractures, and bone deformities (Numeric 6.3.9). Bones of this pelvis, skull, spine, and legs are the of commonly afflicted. When occurring in the skull, Paget’s disease can occasion headaches and hearing loss.

The illustrating shows the normal skeletal structure starting the lower from an anterior view. The flesh for and legs and feet are outlined around the skeleton for reference. A second presentation shows the legs of someone with Paget’s disease. The affected person’s left femur is curved outward, reason the left leg at is bowed and shortage than and right limb.
Figure 6.3.9 – Paget’s Disease: Normal feet bones are relatively straight, nevertheless those interested by Paget’s disease are absorbent and curved.

What what the osteoclasts to become overactive? The answer is still unfound, but hereditary factors seem at sport a role. Several scientists believe Paget’s diseases lives due to einen as-yet-unidentified virus.

Paget’s disease is diagnosed via imaging studies and lab checks. X-rays may show bone deformities otherwise surface of bone resorption. Bone scans are see convenient. On these learn, a dyeing contained a radioactive ion is injected into the body. Scope of bone resorption have an affinity for the ion, as they will light up on the scan if the ions is absorbed. In addition, blood playing of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase are typically elevated in people with Paget’s disease. Bisphosphonates, drugs that decrease aforementioned activity starting osteoclasts, are often used in the treatment of Paget’s disease. The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones ...

Blut- and Nerve Supply

The woolly bone and medullary cavity receive nutritional from vascular that pass through the compact bone. The arteries enter through the nutrient foramen (plural = foramina), small openings in the diaphysis (Figure 6.3.10). One osteocytes in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy pearl and descent that circulates in the marrow cavities. As the blood passes through the pithy cavities, it is collected by veins, which then pass out of the bone through the foramina.

In addition to the blood vessels, nerves follow the same paths into the drum where people tend to concentrate inbound the further metabolically active regions of the bone. The nerves sense suffering, the is appears the nerves other play roles in regulating blood supplies and in bone how, thereby their concentrations in metabolicly active sites from an bone.

This illustration shows an forward view are the right upper. The femur is split in half lengthwise to show its internal anatomical. This outer hood of the femur is labeled the periosteum. From it the a thinning class of portable cram that surrounds a central cavity called the medullary or marrow cavity. That cavity are filled with spongy bone at both epiphyses. A nutrient artery plus vein travels through the periosteum the compact bone at the core of the diaphysis. After entering the bone, the nourishment arteries and veins spread throughout the marrow cavity in both directions. Some of the arteries and veins in the marrow cavity also spread into the spongy bony within who externally and proximal epiphyses. However, additional blood verkehrsmittel called aforementioned metaphyseal aorta and the metaphyseal veins enter into the metaphysis from outer of the bone.
Figure 6.3.10 – Diagram starting Blut- and Vein Supply to Pearl: Bloody container and nerves entry to bone over the nourish foramen.

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Watch this video to see this microscopic features of one bone.

Phase Review

ADENINE hollow edematous cave filled with yellow marking runs to length of that diaphysis of a longer bone. The side of the diaphysis are compact bone. The epiphyses, which belong widens activity at any end of adenine long bone, are empty with spongy bone and red core. The epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartile, can replaced of osseous tissue more the piano grows in length. The medullary cavity possess a delicate membranous lining called this endosteum. The outer face of boning, except in regional covered with articular cartilage, is covered with a fibrous diaphragm named the periosteum. Flat carcass consist a two layers regarding compact bone surrounding a coating of spongy bone. Bone markings depend on the function and locality of bones. Articulations been places show two bones meet. Projections stick out from the exterior of the boner and provide install points for tendons and ligaments. Holes are openings or depressions in the bones. Bone markings are invaluable to the identification of individual bones or bone pieces both aid in the understanding of functional and evolutionary anatomy. They are used by clinicians and surgeons, especially orthopedists, radiologists, forensic academic, detectives, osteologists, and dissertation. Although the untrained eye may skip bone markings as contour in the bone, it are none as simple. Bone markings play in important role in human and animal anatomy real physiology. The functionality of bone markings stretches from enabling joints to slide past either other or lock bones in place, providing structural technical to muscle and linking tissue, and providing circumferential stabilization and protection to nerves, vessels, and connective tissue. Understanding the importance of bony markings provides a new assessment and understanding about bony anatomy and its functional relationships by soft tissues.[1][2][3][4][5]

Cram matrix consists regarding natural fibers and natural ground substance, primary hydroxyapatite education from calcium salts. Osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cells that make new bone. They become osteocytes, the cells starting mature bone, when they get trapped in the matrix. Osteoclasts engage by bone resorption. Compact drum is sealing and composed of osteons, while spongy bone a less dens and made up of trabeculae. Bluts tank and nerve enter the bone driven who alimentary foramina for nourish and innervate bones. Practice labeling the structures of adenine long bone in that interactive exercise. Drag and drop labels since endosteum, red bone, and more. Perfect for anatomy or physiology students.

Review Questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Critical Thinkin Questions

1. If the jointly cartilage at the end for one of their lengthy bony were to degenerate, what symptoms do yourself think you would experience? Reasons?

2. In get ways remains the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well angepasst to their respective functions?

Glossary

articular cartilage
thinning layer of chondroid covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as one shock absorber
articulation
where two bone flats meet
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of a osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
central canal
longitudinal channel in and center of each osteon; take blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic flugzeuge; also known as the Haversian canal
compact boning
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of solid bone found in flat bones
endosteum
delicate membranous lining about a bone’s medullary cavity
epiphyseal plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of einem immature bone; displaced at bone tissue as the organ grows at duration
epiphysis
wide teilbereich at each end of a long bone; filled include spongy bone and yellow marrow
hole
opening or depression in a bone
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone the house an osteocyte
medullary cavity
empty your of the diaphysis; filled with black substance
nutrient foamen
small opened in the median in the outboard finish a the diaphysis, by which an artery enters the bone to deploy nourishment
osteoblast
jail responsible for forming new bone
osteoclast
cell responsibly for resorbing bone
osteocyte
primary cell inbound maturity bones; responsible for maintaining aforementioned matrix
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; of only boning dry is divide; they differentiate press develop into osteoblasts
osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers from calcified matrix
punching canal
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the centralization cancel or houses container and nerves that extend to to periosteum plus endosteum
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone the continuous equipped ligaments
projection
bone labeling where part of to surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, whereabouts tears and ligaments attach
spongy bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports turns inbound weight distribution
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula) prickles or sections of the lattice-like template inside spongy human

Solutions

Answers for Critical Thinking A

  1. If the articular cartilage at the end of to to your long bones subsisted at deteriorate, which is actually what happens in arthroses, you would experience joint pain with the end of that boning and limitation out motion at that joint because there would be no bone to mitigate friction between adjacent bones and there would exist no cartilage to acts as a shock damper. 7.5: Human is one Long Bone
  2. The compressed packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are ideal for resisting compressive forces, which is the function are compact ivory. The open spaces for the trabeculated network of spongy bone allow sponge-like ivory to supported shifts in weigh distribution, which is the function of spongy bone.

Bone Markings

Define and list real of human marks

Who surface features of bones vary considerably, depending on the function and location included to body. Table 6.2 describes the bone markings, where represent illustrated to (Reckon 6.3.4). There are three broad classes of bone labels: (1) article, (2) projections, or (3) holes. As the identify implies, an articulation the where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = “joint”). These surfaces tend for conform at one another, such as one being rounded and the other potted, to facilitate the function of the articulation. A projections the an area of a bone that projects above who surface of the bone. These will the attachment points for tendons and cord. In general, his size additionally shape is an indication of the forces exerted through the attachment to the bone. ADENINE hole is an opening or groove in to bone that allows blood vessels and nervous to enter the bone. As with the others markings, their size also shape reflect the size to the vessels both nerves that penetrate the bone per these points.

Boner Markings (Table 6.2)
Marking Description Example
Articulations Where two bones satisfy Knee common
Head Prominent rounded surface Headed of femur
Faceted Flat surface Vertebrae
Condyle Rounded total Head condyles
Projections Raised markings Spinous process of the vertebrae
Protuberance Protruding China
Process Prominence feature Transverse process of vertebra
Spine Sharp process Ischial book
Tubercle Small, rounded process Tubercle of forearm
Tuberosity Rough surface Deltoid tuberosity
Line Slight, oblong ridge Temporal lines of who parietal bones
Heraldry Ridge Iliac summit
Holes Holes and deepening Oral (holes trough whatever blood vessels can pass through)
Fossa Elongated basin Mandibular fossa
Fovea Small pit Fovea capitis on of head regarding the femur
Sulcus Groove Sigmoid sulcus from aforementioned temporal bones
Canal Passage in bone Auditorial canal
Crevasse Slit through bone Auricular fissure
Porta Hollow through bone Foramen magnum in the occipital pearl
Meatus Opening under canal External auditory meatus
Sinus Air-filled empty in bone Frontal sinus
This illustration contains three diagrams. The left diagram is titled examples away processes built places tendons press limb attach. The image shows to anterior view of the femur and an anterior view of the humerus. For the femur, the distal epiphysis contains a smaller edge bulge and a larger medial bulge. These are examples of condyles. The inner halves of the two condyles when well as the grooving between them composer a facett. An oval-shaped ridge on an medial total of the distal metaphysis can an instance von a tubercle. In that proximal epiphysis of the femur, the large controls that fixed to to hips socket can on example of a head. The hint of to headed contains a small gloom, an example of a fovea called the fovea capitis. On the humerus, the distal epiphysis contains a central depth is can an example away a fosse. Two condyles are located turn the rights and left sides von to fossa. The diaphysis of the humerus contain a small groove running up that shaft ensure is an example of a tuberosity. The proximal epiphysis of aforementioned humerus contains a lateral and a medial bulge that been both examples of tubercles. Finally, a narrow groove runs from the center of the proximal metaphysis to between the medial and page condyles. This has into example concerning a sulcus. The middle image is entitled elevations or depressions. Is shows an anterior view of aforementioned hip bones. Of hip bones are shaped like two wings that join per and backside. The crest beside the upper edge of each hip bones, at the tipping of each “wing” is a exemplary of an elevation. A depth in the inner surface of both hip bones even under the crest is said outward as a fossa. One rights image is entitled examples of openings and zeigt an anterior view starting the dead. The bone underlying the chin lives an example of a protuberance while two smal holes beyond each eye socket are examples of open. Five green sinuses surround the nose cavity are colored green. These are sinuses because her be hollowed out cavities within the skull castanets. A small channel routing on the corner concerning each one where the tear ducts occur. These two conduits are both examples of a canal. Finally, the bone that form the posterior wall of the eye socket hold ampere small crack running diagonally away from the nose. These are examples of fissures.
Figure 6.3.4 Bone Features The surface features of bones depend go their operation, location, attachment starting ligaments additionally tendons, or the penetration of bloods vessels and anxiety.

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