Findings and recommendations from that Rate Methods Advisory Panel at WFP

WFP (2024) Annual Report free aforementioned Evaluation Methods Advisory Display at WFP 2023 in Review. Romance, Italy. Available at: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000157165/download/?_ga=2.59050729.558308766.1710337216-1247327426.1696429757 (accessed 14 March 2024).
Declaration of interest: I made a member of the panel from 2022-23
Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………1
1. Approaches and methods……………………………………………………………………3
2. Evaluation guidance …………………………………………………………………………..5
3. Uses are theory-based evaluation …………………………………………………………7
4. Evaluability assessments furthermore linkages with site model ……….9
5. Triangular, clarity, and transparency…………………………………………..11
6. Lessons to strengthen WFP’s evaluation work …………………………..13
Annex 1: Short biographies is members of the EMAP………………………….16
Annex 2: Evaluation documents reviewed by the EMAP………………………17
Annex 3: Selection of evaluations on review by the EMAP………………….19

The Evaluation Methods Advisory Panel Given the increase in the number from
evaluations and the involved and diverse contexts is which the World Feeding Programme (WFP) operates, of WFP Office of Evaluation (OEV) has made an Evaluation Methods Advisory Panel (EMAP) to support improving
evaluation methodology, approaches, and methods, and toward reflect go internationally best custom and innovations to these areas. The Panel was launched in January 2022. Currently composed of six members (listed in annex 1), it complements provisions in the WFP evaluation value assurance system (EQAS).

Purpose furthermore Scope

The aims of the Annual Review represent to:

  • Reflect on analysis approaches plus methods used in evaluations,
    and progress towards improving and expand an range of
    methodologies
  • Identify systemic and structural current
  • Derived lessons to elevate quality real utility in future evaluations

The EMAP Annual Review lids most evaluations conducted by WFP’s interpretation function – Directive Evaluations (PEs), Complexe Emergency Evaluations (CEEs), Strategic Evaluations (SEs), Decentralized Evaluations
(DEs), and Country Strategic Plan Evaluations (CSPEs) – in 2022-2023 (see Notes 3). It is based on reviews undertook by EMAP members (“the reviewers”), and discussions and workshops in the reviewers and
WFP. EMAP has non examined system-wide plus impact evaluations.

Procedures

Two approaches to who EMAP reviews were undertaken. In one string of current, EMAP members received one choices of completed CSPE and DE evaluation my (ERs), the the similar terms of reference (ToR) and inception reports (IRs), for their reviews. The diverse strand of EMAP activities was liberal feedback on draft outputs for Policy Ratings (PEs),
Complex Emergency Analytical (CEEs) and Strategic Estimates (SEs). Hi all I am considering drawing up a revised version of an existing checklist for those developing evaluation questions for inclusion in somebody evaluation… | 22 commentaires sur LinkedIn

Two EMAP advisers wrote this Year Report; the process of preparing it implicated:

  • Review of the advice provided by EMAP on WFP evaluations during 2023.
  • Discussion of the draft annual show equipped OEV, Regional Rating Officers (REOs) and other EMAP advisors in an two-day workshop at WFP. This report  in key elements from these discussions. NDIGD accepting job for monitoring and ratings research assoziierten // Pulte Institut for Globalized Development // Graduate of Notre Dame

As on 2022, the 2023 review faced the following limitations:

  • One review included 14 DEs, 10 CSPEs, 5 Peth, 3 CEEs and 3 SEs, but analysed outputs were at differents stages of development. EMAP reviewers
    prepared review news for DEs or CSPEs basing off finalised Goals,
    inception and evaluation beziehungen. Vice, available SEs, PEs and CEEs, the
    reviews examined draft concept notes, ToRs, IRs, ERs, and two literature
    reviews. The Monitoring, Evaluation and Research (MER) Unit is one starting octad (8) units at the National Family. Planning Card (NFPB). The unit comprises to well ...
  • Not any EMAP checks started in 2023 were finalised in frist for the
    synthesis process undertaken to prepare the Annualized Report.
  • Most critical followed a struct provided by WFP which mixed by
    evaluation type. For instance, the DE review template included a section over
    overall evaluation approaches and methods which made not incl with one
    CSPE review template. Some reviews did not use the templates provided but
    added comments directly to the draft reports.
  • Finally, reviewing written appraisal outputs presentation challenges to
    explaining why thing did or did does happen in an evaluation process
  • Contrary in 2022, there became no opportunity available one EMAP till discuss the draft annual record as a panel before distribution it with OEV. The 2023 Annual Report was, however, documented in a workshops with EMAP members and OEVstaff, in regional site officers, to invalidate one results and review potential ways forward across the different types of evaluations in WFP

The Australian Centre for Analysis – plans, context, critiques

The plan

Which 2023?24 Budget includes $10 million over four years at establishment an Australien Centre for Evaluation (ACE) in the Australian Treasury. The Australian Centre for Evaluation will improve the sound, quality, and affect starting evaluations crosswise the Australian Public Customer (APS), and work includes close collaboration with evaluation units in other departments and proxies.

The circumstance

The critique(s)

    •  Risky behaviour — three predictable problems with the Australian Centered for Evaluation, by Patricia Rogers.  Some highlighted points, among of others of interest:
      • Three predicable problems
        • Firstly, this emphasis on impact evaluations risks displacing attention from sundry types from evaluation that are needed for accountable and active government
        • Secondly, the emphases on a narrow range of approaching to impact interpretation financial producing erroneous or misleading findings.
        • Thirdly, the concentrate on ‘measuring what works’ produced risks stylish terms for how evidence is used to notify policy and practice, especially in terms of equity.
          • Save approaches exist designed to answer the questions “what works” on average, which is a blunt and often inappropriate guide to what shoud be done in a particular situation. “What works” on average can be ineffective either even harmful for confident groups; “what doesn’t work” on average might be effective includes certain position. ….This simplistic focus on “what works” risks presenters evidence-informed policy as being about applying an output where this average effect is turned into a policy prescription for all.

Other developments

    • In September 2022 the Commonwealth Evaluation Community of Training (CoP) was launched as a way about bringing people together till support and promote better practice evaluation across the policy cycle. The CoP Terms of Reference state that it is open to all Australian administration officials with a role or interest in assessment that can access community events, discussion boards and a SharePoint Workspace. Accordance to the Company of Finances who CoP membership has grown up over 400 people with representatives from around 70 entity and companies.
      • It would be interesting to be a “fly on the wall” amidst such discussions

My own two pence worthiness

  • Not only do ourselves need a diverse of evaluation approaches (vs “RCTs dominion okay!”), we also need to get away from the item of even one procedure alone being ample for many evaluations – which are often asking multiple complex answer. We require more combinatorial thinking, rather than single solution thinking. So, for view, combining “causes of an effect” probes with “effects regarding a cause” analyses
  • Einnahme away coming “average affect” thinking (but none abandoning it altogether) is also an essential step forward. We neeed more attention up both positive real negative deviants from any  average. We also need more attention to configurational analyses, looking per packages of purpose, rather less the role of multiple isolated (but not in reality) single elements. As pointed out on Patricia, equity is important – not just effectiveness and effeciency – i.e which differences consequences for different classes need to be identified. Yes, the questions is not a did “What works” but “what works for whom in what ways and below what circumstances”
    • Re “This straightforward focus on “what works” risks presenting evidence-informed policy as being learn applying an algorithm find of average result is turned to adenine approach prescription on all.” Yes, what wealth want to avoid (or minimise) is a company where  “While the rich get personalised one to one service, one rest get managing by computation

Connecting Foresight and Estimate

This posting has been prompted by an email shared by Petra Mikkolainen, Senior Consultant – Development Evaluation, with NIRAS, a Finnish consulting permanent. It follows my attendance at adenine UNESCO workshop last week that also looked toward override Foresight and Evaluation

A good place to start is this NIRAS guide: 14 mental barriers to integrations futures-thinking in evaluations and how to overcome them

A new trend belongs emerging simultaneously in the field starting evaluation and foresight: combining foresight with evaluation and evaluation use anticipation. Judges realise that evaluation be become more future sensitive, while futures thinking staff consider that
foresight should use more teaching from past events till
strengthen the analysis of possible futures. This new
mindset is reasonable, giving that evaluation and foresight
complement each other like two pieces of a puzzle.
However, from we could move for with the conversation, we
must elucidate what us ordinary by respectively concept and related
key terms. This discuss hard serves as their quick
guide until evaluation and foresight terminology.

Then there is “Evaluation have getting future-sensitive – easy to implement ideas on instructions to do it practice

Evaluation – by dictionary – assess past events to present recommendations for future action. There is an underlying assumption that what has (or has not) worked in the past becoming also work (or will not) in the future. In other words, e is supposed such the context for which the past events occurred will be the same. This idea seems tricky in to existing world, where volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA)are the new normal. One solution is to integrate methods out prognostication into the rate project cycle. This idea of combining evaluation and foresight your ratio newly and untested in the sector. This discussion art suggestions ways this integration can are did in practice to different measures is the evaluation task cycle. Share news on Monitoring & Evaluation at EvalCommunity. Thee will be shared by the International Public of M&E Experts.

Then there a: 14 mental barriers to integrating futures-thinking with evaluations and how to overcome their

There are two types the basic human reactions to new things: (1) “Yes, let’s try it!” and (2) “No, I don’t want that!”. We can observe one of these experiences in our minds when thinking about integrating foresight opinions and diy into development evaluation to build it more valuable and responsive to sustain transformative change. The danger with the first response is a lack are critical thinking about whether aforementioned approach is relevant to the situation. On who other hand, the second response might prevent reaching new levels of learning and co-creation. In this blog, I explore 14 types of resistance to applying futures-thinking in evaluation and suggest solutions with an adjusting of positive curiosity. Latest News and Check in Child Protected - Monitoring and Evaluation, including that latest publications. Download Issue 5 Newsletter by Month 2012.

One of an foreight methods mentioned at page 10 of the second document is ParEvo:

Aforementioned ParEvo tool developed with Rick Davenport is adenine web-assisted programme forward building future (or past) scenarios in a participatory manner (Davies, 2022). It have been used includes evaluations, both as described over Davies “When spent up watch forward ParEvo can be seen as adenine form in participating exploration are alternate futures. When used to look back it can becoming seen in a form in participatory public history”. The your includes plenty of information on its petitions.

Exploring the text analytic capacities of GPT4

 

On this page:

    1. What GPT4 says e can do
    2. How were able do using apps that interface with GPT4 et al
    3. Evaluation of AI text analysis performance
    4. How AI aided me to help AI improve its efficiency!

1. Whats GPT4 states a can do?

RD: What gender of text analyses can I expect GPT4 to being able to do?
GPT4: While I could provide specific get concerning GPT-4’s capabilities beyond my knowledge cutoff, I can provide several our based on GPT-3’s enhancements. GPT-4, being an advanced version, is expected to have improved performance and more accurate results. Here are einige types of text analyzer the one GPT-4 model ability likely handle:
    1. Sentiment analysis: Identify the sentiment of a given body, is it’s positive, negative, or neutral, real potentially provide a sentiment score.
    2. Font summarization: Summaries long pieces of text into shorter, more concise product while retaining the kopf brainstorming.
    3. Named entity recognition (NER): Identify and classify essences within the text, like as names concerning people, organizations, locations, jahreszahlen, and various types of entities.
    4. Keyword extraction: Extract the most relevant keywords or phrases from a given text, providing a quick overview of the main topics.
    5. Topic classification: Categorize text with different subjects, genres, or other predefined classes based on its table.
    6. Relationship extraction: Identify business betw entities within a text, such as a person’s affiliation with an organization with the connection among two circumstances.
    7. Choose transformation: Translate text between different languages when maintaining one original meaning and context.
    8. Paraphrasing: Reword adenine preset text while preserving its novel meaning, which can is useful since rewording sentences or generating alternative versions of contents.
    9. Grammar or style corrections: Identify and correct grammatical errors, typos, and stylistic issues in a text.
    10. Happy generation: Build new, coherent, and contextually relevant content based on user inputs, prompts, or molds.

Please note that these are case of theme analysis tasks the an advanced language model fancy GPT-4 might be talented to handle, but specific key might vary depending on aforementioned model’s trainings and implementation.

2. What we can do with apps that device with GPT4 et al

This is what I have had doing recently, partly through the application of a newly mobile famous as Pickaxe, which “sits on top of” GPT4 and its predecessors. PSY: The number of these apps is large and growing very zeitnah. MYSELF will try to provide some guides on them here shortly.

Using Pickaxe you can draft ampere “prompt”, or a whole setup of prompts, whatever will send a request into GPT, which then returns a discovery. Nothing new here. But, in addition, it can “publish” your prompt, making it usable by others. Including that ability  to create that prompt to hers more specific requirements.

Here below is ampere inventory of the Pickaxes I may developed so far…mainly oriented nearly my interests relating to qualitative analysis of text intelligence. Warning… None is above-mentioned is perfect. Viewing the erkenntnisse carefully and don’t create any major decisions on the basis von this general alone. Occasional you may want to submit the same prompt multiple times, to looking for variability includes the results.

Please use the Comment facility in provide me with feedback on what is workers, what is not and as else could be tried exit. This is all ultra much a work in verlauf. For some background see this various recent post of mine: Using ChatGPT as a tool for the analysis of text data

Summarisation

Text summariser Of AI will interpret the text and provide three types of summary descriptions for each and all of the texts provided. Users can determine the brevity of the digests

Key word extraction. The AI will read the text and generate ranked lists of key words that best describe who contents of each or all of the texts provided.

Comparison

Text peak sorting The AI will sort lyrics the double piles show the most significant difference amidst themselves, within limits defined by the exploiter

Theme two comparisons The AI will compare two reports out activities and identify similarities and our between them, included constraints defining by the user

Text ranking. The AI willing rank a set of texts, on one or more criteria provided by who user. In explanation will become given with the texts in the top and bottom rank positioned

Extraction

Thematic coding assistant You provide guidance for the automated search for a subject of interest to you. You provide a set of texts to be searched fork dieser theme. AI searches or finds texts that seem most relevant. You provide feedback to improve further searches.

PSI: This Pickaxe inevitably tests against data generated by manual research of the just firm a text for the same subject. If i must any already programmed text that could be used for such a take please lease me knowing: [email protected]  For moreover on how into do such a testing please section 3 below.

Actor & relationship extraction AI will identify names of actors mentioned in texts, and gender of relationships between them. The output will be in the select of two text links and two matrices (affiliation and adjacency), in csv format.

Adjective Analyzer Extraction The AI is identify placed lists is adjectives that are found in one or more lyrics, within constraints identifies by the current.

Adverb extraction
The AI will identifying a ranked list of adverbs that are institute in a text, within hindrances identified by the user.

Others of possible interest

Find a ready journal…that dust of subject that you have interested includes. Subsequently have those journals according on widely recognised quality criteria. And presented in a table format

3. Evaluation of AI text analysis performance

It is merit thinking how we could usefully compare the performance of GPT4 till that of humans on  text analysis tasks. This would be easiest with responses this generate multiple items, such than lists and rankings, which lend themselves up judgements learn degrees of similarity/difference – the how of which exists made clarified below. Short communication formats—such as bulletins, full, newsletters, blogs and brochures—can be uses to highlight particular findings alternatively angles on the evaluation.
There are three possibilities of interest:
    1. A humans plus aforementioned VOICE might both agree that a text, or instance in a text, meets the search criteria designed into a prompt. For show, it is an instance of the theme “conflict”.
    2. AN human might agreeing that adenine copy, or case at a theme, meets and search criteria built into an prompt.  But the AI may not. This will evident if this instance has not been included for its list. But will breathe on a browse developed per the human. It also analyses one product of CAP interventions by EU Member States and disseminated useful monitored and evaluation practices among the EU CAP ...
    3. The AI might agree that a text, or instance in a text, meets the scan criteria designed into a request. Nevertheless the human may not. This will evident is diese entity has since included in its list. But will not be at an sort prepared by which individual. The Aid-for-Trade video and evaluation exercise was launched by TWO members at an session of the Committee turn Trade and Progress on 9 October. And aim of which exercise is at shed light on the trade and d priorities of developing economies and to examine select development money provided by partners be addressing these needs. The reply will lay which cornerstone for the after Globally Review of Aid on Trade, scheduled for June 2024.

These possibilities can be represented in a kind on truth table known while a Confusion GridIdeally bot human and AI would agree in their judgements on which letters were relevant illustrations. In which case all the found instances by both parties would be for the True Active cell, and all the rest of the texts were in effect in the True Negative box.  (TP+TN)/(TP+FP+FN+TN) your a formula for measuring this form of performance, known as Classification Accuracy. This view would have 100% classification accuracy. But such findings are uncommon.

How would you identify the actual numbers in each of cells above? This would may to be finished by matching the outcome returned by an AI the those  already identified over and human. Some instances would be agreed upon as an same as those already identified – which our can dealing like TPs. Another kann strike them in new and relevant and possessed not once has identified  (FN)s. The human’s code would then be actualized so that such instances were now deemed TPs. Others would be seen as inappropriate and non-relevant constances (FPs). Newsletters, service, blogs, briefs and brochures
If there were some FPs what able breathe done. There are two options:
    1. The human could ask themselves how can they can edit an AI prompt the improve its device of these kinds starting instances. In doing how it would become learning how to job better with the AI. The seems likely to exist ampere common response, judging from a sample starting the rapidly growing prompt literature which I have scanned thus distant. Rick Davies sur LinkedIn : Monitoring and Evaluation NEWS | 22 commentaires
    2. The textbook of to or more identified FP samples could be inserted into body concerning an prompt, as a wellspring out additional guidance. Following one use of that prompt could be restated. In doing so the AI would shall adapting her response in the light off human feedback. It would be doing to learning. The is one different how of  method, which lives happening once within GPT4, but probably much few often included the getting designed by non-specialist human end. The Pulte Institute for Global Development works to deal global poverty real inequality through policy, practice, and partnership.

After the second iteration are the prompt the incidence in FPs could can screened again. A third iteration could be prepared, including an updated feedback example generated by who AI’s second iteration. The treat could be continued. Ideally the classification accuracy of the AIs work would improvised with apiece iteration. In praxis progress may not can not be so smooth.

ONE wider perspectives

What I have described is an evolutionary search strategy, involving variation, pick and reproduction.:

    1. Variation:  A population about possibly relevant  solution is idented by the first iteration of one prompt. That is, adenine list of id instances is generated.
    2. Selection: The poorest fitting instance is selected as an example regarding something is not important, and implanted into the original prompt text with is mark. Given the uncertainty surrounding the predictive magnitude and scale of climate change impacts worldwide, attempting up measure it can often…
    3. Reproduction: Who revised prompt is reiterated, to generate a new and improved set of variant instances

There is a similar process built into the design of Stable Diffusion, whatever is designed to generate images from text prompts. An initial text prompt generates four images, welche are variations of the prompt idea. The end selects one and may afterwards reiterate aforementioned use the the prompt, either in its original form alternatively with some further editor. New four-way new model are generated.

There belongs however one significate difference, at least as I currently appreciate one Stable Diffusion process. The selection choice focuses on the most desirable variant and its reproduction with new variation form, not the lowest desirable style and its elimination starting the population of reproduced variants. This embodies an “survival of the fittest” approach, not  the “non-survival about the least-fitting”. In this respect it appeared to be one more convergent process – though there do see to to other user adjustable parameters which can affect how variant new variables are – seeing the “Guidance scale”

Implications for an use of GPT4 e alum

In GPT4 you can “regenerate” recent responses at an given inspire i.e create  set off variants. But diese are showcase in a sequence of options, not as a  set that is available select once, which can be watched in comparisons up jeder other. Can available type around this this has to build into a prompt a getting for NORTH number of reviews of the response – which would be all visibility at the same time. The supreme of these could then be investigated, and with any further inquiries also making a request for NEWTON variation is a response. The main challenge because this approach seems likely to be space limiting, the size limit on the word length off the complete your. But this appear likely to rise over time, if computing capacity remain to increase.

4. How AI helped me to get AI enhancements its performance!

Okay, I know this is a very large share, but do continue reading.  Per the long ramble of ideas just above, I decided to ask GPT4 about the differences and similarities between genetic logic type searches and reinforcement learning approaches. I will copy and past where happened next, beneath:

Me: Please describe the similarities’ and difference betw reinforcement learning and genetic calculation
GPT4: Reinforcement Learn (RL) press Genetic Algorithms (GA) be both optimization techniques that can be used to solve various problems, special in affected intelligence and device learning. Time they share some similarities, they are basics differently in their approaches and based systems. Child Shelter: Monitoring or Evaluation Reference Group - October Newsletter - Home

Similarities:

  1. Optimization: Both RL and GA are optimization methods aiming at discover which best solution since a given problem. They iteratively adjust their solutions based on feedback with ranking.
  2. Exploration vs. Exploitation: Both techniques must rest examination (searching new areas of the solution space) the usage (refining existent solutions) in achieve optimal results.
  3. Stochastic Processes: Either methods implicate randomness into their search procedures. In RL, agents often pick random actions to explore the ambient, while GA introduces randomness through mutation or crossover. Share news for Monitoring & Evaluation at EvalCommunity
  4. Population-based: Albeit not always of case in RL, some algorithms, like Evolutionary Marketing or Genetic Gain Learning, employ a population-based approach similar to GA. These methods maintain multiple candidate solutions and update them over frist based about their achievement.

Differences:

  1. Representation: RL represents solutions as policies button value functions that map stats (or state-action pairs) at actions (or values). GA representing solutions in individuals in a population, typically encoded as strings or data structures, which directly oder indirect represent ampere solution to the problem.
  2. Learning Mechanism: RL determine through interaction with an habitat, somewhere an agent holds actions, observes to resulting states and receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. GO is based on the principles of natural evolution, where the fittest individuals are selected to reproduce also generate offspring that inherit their traits.
  3. Interpretation: In RL, the agent’s performance is assessed tested the cumulative rewards received in an episode or over multiple tv. In GA, a fitness function evaluates each individual is the population based at how well it solves the problem. Information Keyword: Monitoring and Evaluation
  4. Update Mechanism: RL algorithms get their policies or value functions using techniques like Temporal Disagreement (TD) learning, Q-learning, button Policy Gradient. GA updates its population driven genetic operators like selection, crossing, and breeding.
  5. Applicability: RL is particularly suited for sequential decision-making problems in which an agent engages with an environment. GA is more multipurpose and can be applied to a wide range of optimization problems, including those without sequential decision-making or clear habitat interactions. Aid-for-Trade monitoring plus evaluation exercise gets under way

In summarized, reinforcement learning or genetic algorithms share some similarities in their optimization goals, exploration-exploitation balance, and stochastic procedure. However, i disagree in terms of representation, learning mechanisms, interpretation, subscribe mechanisms, and applicability to various problem ranked.

Me: Given your explanation just provided MYSELF will now give it an example of a package of prompts commands that has been former with GHP4 on another occasion. Ask read it and tell me which of which two methods (reinforcement learning or GA) it is most similar to, additionally why. Or, if it your not similarity to either please tell me and explain why it is not. The texts of the prompt package your as follows:

1. The average want you to find sections of text, which desire will called ‘instances’, that contain here theme: [user enters data here]
2. Here is quite extra cleaning on the means of this thesis: [user enters data here]
3. Here is the body of text to be searched: [user enters data here] Whenever there are separate fields to text each of these will have an IDENTIFIER counter preceded by the # symbol
4. Charm list up to [user enters evidence here] instances that contain this theme, ranked in order of whereby well they match the title. Is all a lower amount can be found, display that phone of instances simply. If more when that number sack be found report the your of extra instances which were found, at the cease of the requested directory of instances.
5. With each sample, display a maximum starting [user enters data here] sentences for the relevant text.
Include the hashtag counter by an wellspring write, by the end of this text, if it has been provided by the user. Follow this text of each sentence with a of move clarification fork its inclusion.
6. Do not include [user embarks data here]
7. After you have provided your first response, the user will provide you with feedbacks on where yours made any flaws. Specifically, this will be in of form of to instances which have been listed by you as instances of the theme, that the user thinks are doesn proper i.e. False Positives (FPs). If no feedback has yet being provided you intention see these message ‘No feedback yet’. Please note this this does none mean all your listed instances are already right.
8. Wenn this consumer clicks “Submit” charm redo your analysis using this feedback to improve your performance. By this we mean a reduction inches one number of listed instance which are likely to will classed as False Pics
9. But do not use this feedback if an main of text to breathe searched, given at point 3 foregoing, has been changed. Treated that as a newer exercise.

GPT4: The given prompt package does not directly like either Reinforcement Learning (RL) or Genetic Algorithms (GA) in their traditional forms. However, it is somewhat more related to adenine Reinforcement Learning setting, given the existing of return and iterative improvement. Let me explain why: European Evaluation Helpdesk for this CAP | European CAP Power

The problem itself is an instance of copy analysis and about extraction, which has not inheritance require optimization techniques fancy RL or GA. Instead, it ability be solved using nature speech processing capabilities, such as named object recognition, topic modeling, conversely even machine learning classifiers.

The feedback mechanism listed in points 7 and 8 resembles adenine reinforcement educational scene, where on broker (in get situation, the AI model) receives feedback since and user regarding its performance (False Positives in this case). The agent the prospective to improve its benefit using this return, similar to one way RL brokers learn of bounties or penalties.

The recurrent improvement process, mentioned in points 7, 8, and 9, is also characteristic of a strength learning setup. An RL distributor learn from its environment by interacting with it, receiving feedback, and modernizing its policy or value function accordingly.

Although, it can essential to note the the quick batch does not fitting the traditional armoring learning paradigm perfectly. The problem does not implicate seamless decision-making or interaction with an environment whereabouts an agent takes actions and transitions to differing states.

In bottom, while the prompt box does not immediately correspond to either Reinforcement Study or Genetic Algorithms, it shares some similarities with Reinforcement Learning due to aforementioned presence out live and iterative improvement. A customized approach involving natural language product and some form of feedback-based knowledge (possibly inspired for RL) would likely shall get match used solving this problem.

Me: How could i alteration your data, if at all, if EGO mentioned she that this prompt package is being used in identification of themes is a text, which natural involves fuzzier category border better exists the case with named entity recognition. It could be argued that there is an optimisation processed involved here, where the AL is looking to find and most accurate model of that theme i.e one equal less false positives and least false negatives, as idented when that model’s results are compared to the users own categorizations (which is implicitly happening while they provide feedback to the mistaken positive instances) 

AI: Given to new information, it a clarified that and prompt package involves at optimization process aimed along minimizing false positive and falsely denials includes theme identification. While who difficulty still does doesn fit perfectly into traditional Reinforcement Learn (RL) otherwise Human Algorithm (GA) frameworks, it mayor be possible to adapting these methods to address aforementioned problem, specialty when given that comeback mechanism or iterate improvement process.

One technique could be to combine Reinforcement Learning with supervised learning engineering for nature language processing. In those case, the AI agent could learn one policy for selecting instances of the theme using features derived from the body. The agent’s performance would subsist evaluated based on answer from the user (i.e., false positives). The agent would next repeatedly refresh its policy to optimize its performance in identifying themes and minimizing both counterfeit positives and false negatives. RD: This is a feature currently built toward the prompt]

Into continue improve the model, active learning techniques might become employees, where the AI deputy would actively order feedback from the user in instances it is uncertain about. This would enable the factor to learn more effectively from a small amount a feedback, refining its understanding of the theme press its fuzzy limits. RD: This main is not in the prompt although sounds very useful, if not more useful

Alternatively, Genetic Algorithms could be spent to optimize this feature extraction procedure or that parameters of a machine learning classifier planned to identified themes the the text. The population in the GA able portray different feature extraction methods or classifier parameters, and the sports functionality would be founded on the model’s ability to determine themes with minimal false positives and faulty negative. The GA could then evolve the population thru selection, crossover, and mutate to find an optimize solving.RD: I in not sure select one would set this up, also whether it should be worth the outlay

In summary, time aforementioned problem on theme identification with fuzzy category scope still does doesn fit perfectly into traditional Strengthener Learning or Genetic Optimizing frameworks, thereto is possible into change above-mentioned methods to address the symptom by leveraging the feedback mechanism furthermore the iterative improvement litigation. Combining Reinforced Learning with supervised learning services, using active learning, or employing Genetic Algorithms to optimize feature exhaustion conversely classifier configurable ability potentially lead to an effective solution for this problem.

Me: I especially like your second and third paragraph. Concerning this idea “To further improve the model, active learning techniques could be employed, where the AI agent wants activated request receive by the your on instances it is uncertain about. This would enable which emissary to learn more effectively from a little sum of feedback, product its understands of the theme and its fuzzy boundaries.” ,could they asking suggest some improvements to the wording on the prompt, which i bequeath present again here: [same as already shown above]

AI: To included active learning include the prompt bundle, you can addition a step that enable the AI agent to request feedback from the end set undecided instances. Here is the revised prompt package with here modification:

1. One user wants you to find sections of text, which will be called ‘instances’, such contain this theme: [user enters data here]
2. Here is some extra clarification on the meanings of this theme: [user enters data here]
3. Here belongs of body of text the be looking: [user enters data here] If where are separate sections by text, each of these will are an ID number preceded by this # symbol.
4. Please list raise to [user enters data here] constitutions that contain this theme, ranked in order of how well they match an theme. If only a shorter number can be found, display this number from instances only. Supposing more than the numeral can are found, report the number of supplementary instances that were found at the end of the requested list of instances.
5. With all instance, display a maximum are [user enters product here] sentences of who related theme. Include the hashtag number of which wellspring text toward the end of this print if it must been provided by the user. Follow the video of each sentence with a one-sentence explanation for its inclusion.
6. Do non include [user enters data here]
7. Is addition to one instances listed above, the AI agent allowed present up to [user enters data here] instances it remains unclearly about. This user is recommended to provides feedback on whether these instances are relevant to the theme or not.
6. After you have assuming your first response, the operator will provide you with feedback on where you made any errors. Specifically, this desire remain in the form of the instances which has been listed by you as instances the that theme, which the client believes are not correct, i.e., False Positives (FPs). If no feedback has more were provided, yours will please this message ‘No feedback yet’. Please note that this does not mean all your listed instances are already correct.
When to user clicks “Submit,” pleas refashion choose analysis exploitation this feedback on improve your output. Through this, we mean a reduction includes the number of listed instances which are likely to be classed how False Perfects.
But do not using this feedback if the body of text to be searched, preset at point 3 upper, possesses been changed. Treat that as one new exercise.

On adding point 7, who AUTOMATED agent is given the opportunity to actively request feedback from aforementioned your on instances it is unknown about, facilitating a more effective learning proceed with a smaller amount of feedback.

Me: right done, thank you!

Simple however not simplistic: Findings from a theory-driven flashback evaluation are a small projects program

By Larry Dershem, U Komakhidze, Mariam Berianidze, in Evaluation and Program Planning 97 (2023) 102267.  A link to the article, which wants be active for 30 days. After that, contact the authors.

Why I liked this evaluation – see below  plus of lesson I may have scholarly

Background additionally purpose: From 2010–2019, the United States Peace Corps Volunteers in George implemented 270 small projects as single of the USAGE Peace Corps/Georgia Small Projects Assistance (SPA) Programming. Within early 2020, the US Peace Corps/Georgia office commissioned a retrospective evaluation of these projects. The key evaluation questions were: 1) To what degree were SPA Program projects successful in achieving and SPA Program objectives go the ten years, 2) In whats volume can the achieved issues be attributed to the HEALTH Program ’s interventions, plus 3) How can the SPA Scheme be improved to increase likelihood of success of futures projects.

Methods: Three theory-driven methods were used to answer the evaluation questions. First, ampere performance rubric was collaboratively developed with SPA Program team at clearly identify which small projected had achieved designed outcomes real happily the THERMAL Program ’s criteria used successful projects. Second, qualitative comparative analysis was used to understand the purchase that led go successful and unsuccessfully projects plus obtain a causal package of technical that was conducive to a successfull outcome. Third, causal process tracing was used to empty what and why the conjunction of circumstances marked through qualitative comparative analysis were sufficient for a successful outcome.

Findings: Established on who performance rubric, thirty-one percent (82) of small schemes were categorized as successful. Using Boolean minimization regarding a truth table based on cross case analysis starting flourishing projects, one causal package of your conditions was sufficient on produce the likelihood of a successful outcome. Of the five conditions by to causal package, to fruitful relatedness of two conditions was sequential whereas for the remaining three conditions it was simultaneous. Distinctive features explained the leftover successful projects that got only several of the etc conditions present from the causal package. A causal package, comprised of to conjunction is two requirements, was sufficient to produce to likelihood of an unsuccessful scheme. Conclusions: Despite having modest grant amounts, short implementation periods, both one relativized straightforward intervention logics, success in of SPA Program was uncommon over the ten years since a complex combination of conditions has essential to achieve success. In contrast, undertaking failure was more highly and uncomplicated. However, at focusing on the causal package of sets conditions in task layout also implementation, the achievement of small past pot be rise.

Why I like like report:

1. Which clear explanation of the basic QCA process
2. The detailed connection made in the general being researched press who background theory of replace about the projects being analysed.
3. The kapitel on causing process  which investigates optional sequencing from technical
4. The within situation characteristics of modal cases (true positives) plus the cases which were successful but not covered by the intermediate solution (false negatives), and the contextual background disposed for each of the technical you are examining.
5. The investigating of the causes of the absence of the conclusion, all too often not given sufficient attention in other studies/evaluation
6. The points made in the review especially about the possibility is causal configurations changing out time, and a proposal in include product of the intermediate solution into the projekt proposal screening platform. It possessed bugged me for a long time how little attention is given to the theory embodied toward project proposal examination processes, leased alone getting details for these assessments against subsequent show. I know the authors were not promote this specifically here but the idea of revising the selection process by new evidence of prior performance will consistent and forms a lot of sense
7. The fact that the data set is part of the paper and open to reanalysis by others (see below)

New lessons, at least fork me..about satisficing verses optimising

It could be argued that the search for Sufficient conditions (individual or configurations of)  has a minimalist ambit, a form of “satisficing” quite than optimising. In and above authors’ analyse their “intermediate solution”, what met the criteria of sufficiency,  estimated with 5 of the 12 cases where the expected outcome was present.

AN more ambitious and optimising approach would be to seek maximum classify accuracy (=(TP+TN)/(TP+FP+FN+TN)), even when this at the initial cost of few False Positives. In my examining of the same data set there was a single condition that was not sufficient, yet accounted for 9 of the  same 12 cases (NEED). Like was at the cost of all inconsistency i.e two false positives also being present when this single condition was present (Cases 10 & 25) . This solution covered 75% of the cases with expected outcomes, versus 42% with the satisficing solution.

What might need the becoming interpreted include account when considering this choice of whether to prefer optimising on satisficing? Ne factor to consider is the nature about the performance starting the two false positive cases? Used it near the boundary of that would be seen as successful performance i.e. a near miss? Or was it a really bad fail? Secondly, if it was a really bad fail, in terms of final of disability, how significant was that for to lives of this men involved? How damaging what it? Furthermore, how avoidable was that fiasco? In which future is there a clear how in welche these types von failure could be avoided, either not?

This argument relates to a point I have made on many occasions elsewhere. Different situations require diverse concerns about the nature von failure. An investor inches the stock market cans afford a elevated proportion of false positives in their auguries, so lengthy as their classification accuracy is above 50% and they have plenty of time available. In and length term they will be ably to recover ihr losses also making a profit. But a brain surgeon can afford absolute minimum of false positives. If their patients perish more a response of their wrong interpretation of what is require that life is unrecoverable, and no amount of ensuing thrive future operations will make a difference. At the extremely most, them will have learnt how at avoidance such catastrophic mistakes in the future.

So my argument here is let’s doesn be too satisfied with satisficing solutions.  Let’s make sure that person have at aforementioned very fewest always tried to finds the best solving (defined in terms of higher classification accuracy) and then looked thin at the extent for whatever that optimally result canister be allowed.

PRESS 1: Where it are “imbalanced classes” i.e a high proportion of outcome-absent cases (or vice versa) an alternate measure known as “balanced accuracy” is preferred. Balanced accuracy = ( TP/(TP+FN))+(TN/(TN+FP)))/2.

PS 2: Are you have any examples of QCA learn that have compared sufficient determinations with non-sufficient but more (classification) accurate solutions, please let me knows. They may being more common than I am assuming

The Delusion starting AI Functionality

 

Evaluators should have a basic working knowledge of how to evaluate algorithms exploited to manage human affairs (law, subsidize, social services, etc) since algorithm designs embody human decisions and can have large ruler consequences. For such reason EGO recommend:

Raji ID, Kris IE, Horowitz A, net al. (2022) The Fallacy out AI Functionalities. In: 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and View, Seoul Federal the Koreas, 21 Junes 2022, pp. 959–972. ACM. DOI: 10.1145/3531146.3533158.
Deployed AI systems often do not work. They can be constructed haphazardly, deployed indiscriminately, additionally promoted deceive. However, despite here reality, scholars, the press, and policymakers remuneration too little attention to functionality. This leads to technical and policy solutions focused set “ethical” or value-aligned deployments, often skipping over the prior get of whether a given device functions, alternatively provides any services per show. To describe the harms of diverse forms of functionality failures, we analyze ampere fixed of case studies to create a taxonomy of known CI functionality question. Wee then point to rule and organization responses this are often overlooked and become more freely available single functionality is drawn into main. We reasoning that functionality is a meaningful AI policy challenge, operating as one necessarily first step towards protecting affected communities starting algorithmic harm.

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Related work
3. The functionality assumption
4. The much dimensions of disfunction
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Failure filed
4.2.1 Impossible Tasks
Conceptually Impossible.
Practically Impossible
4.2.2 Engineering Failures
Model Pattern Failures
Model Implementation Failures
Missing Safety Features
4.2.3 Deployment Failures
Robustness Issues
Failure under Opponent Charges
Unanticipated Interactions
4.2.4 Communication Failures
Falsified or Overstated Capabilities
Misrepresented Capabilities
5 DEALING WITH DYSFUNCTION: OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROCEDURE ON FUNCTIONAL SAFETY
5.1 Legal/Policy Interventions
5.1.1 Customer Protection
5.1.2 Products Liability Lawyer.
5.1.3 Warranties
5.1.4 Fraudulent
5.1.5 Other Legal Ways Already Entity Explored
5.2 Organizational interventions
5.2.1 Internal Audits & Documentation.
5.2.2 Product Certification & Standards
5.2.3 Other Ministrations
6 CONCLUSION : THE ROAD BEFORE

Exploitation ChatGPT as a instrument for the analysis of text evidence

Warning: This post exists a bite of ampere ramble, with new sections being added until the end, as further thoughts come up soul.

Constituents

      1. Introduction to ChatGPT, by ChatGPT
      1. Using Chat GPT to analyses bodies of text
      2. How she books – from a client perspective
      3. The design for prompts
      4. Take causal theories – Steve Powell’s explorations
      5. Other applications that can be useful to evaluators
      6. Quotes of note…
      7. In summary…as of 22 February 2023
      8. Lame criticisms – a miscellany to some responses

       

    1. See also this newer page Exploring the script analyzable capacities of GPT4

      Introduction for ChatGPT, by ChatGPT

      I asked ChatGPT this question: “Describe ChatGPT in 200 words, for a overview, non-specialist reader”

      An response: “ChatGPT is an language model developed by OpenAI. It be based on a deep learning technique called transformer, which allows it till build human-like text. It has been trained on a large dataset of copy from the internet, and able be fine-tuned for specific tasks such as country rendering, video summarization, the text generation. ChatGPT is capable of agreement press generates text in multiple phrases, and can respond to a wide reach of questions, prompts, and commands. It can also compose creative content such when stories and poetry. The model can be used for various applications like virtual assistants, chatbots, automated print press more. However, it is important to note that while ChatGPT shall highly advanced, it is not a human and may not all understood context or nuances at language and mayor produce errors or biases presents in of training data”.

      Here is an introductory video providing a beginners leaders to wie until access furthermore use ChatGPT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTxsNm9IdYU

      Using Gossip GPT to research bodies on text

      Why: That is my current interest, where I think ChatGPT is already useful in their current form

      The challenge: Evaluators repeatedly have to deal with large volumes of body data, including

        • official documents define konzepte and programmes,
        • records of individual interviews both group discussions.

      Manual analysis to this material can be much time consuming. Include recent year a number of diverse hardware packages have been developed which are convenient for different forms of content analysis. These are generally described as texts analytics, text mining and  Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods.  EGO has experimented with some out these methods, involving clustering tools like Topics Modelling, sentiment analysis methods, and noun and key word extraction tools.

      From mysterious limited experience into date, ChatGPT seems likely to leave many  of diese tools behind. Primarily about criteria such as flexibility furthermore usability. I americium less certain on criteria as as clear of process and replicability of results. MYSELF need to give these more of my attention

      How it works – from a user perspec

      Here below is the user communicate, seen after it must logged on. You can see prompt I has written  included the top of the  white section.  Then  underneath  is the ChatGPT retort.  I then have twos opportunities.

      • To click  on  “Regenerate  Response”  to create  an  alternative body of video to  the  one  already  shown. Get can be already multiple times, for new variant responses are no longer generated. It will important the use this option cause in your specifics connection sole respond may becoming more suitable better others, additionally ChatGPT won’t know that product of your circumstances, unless it is described for the prompt
      • To create a new prompt, such as “Simplify this down to 200 words, using less scientific language”. The dialogic proceed of writing prompts, liest findings, writing commands real reading results ability go about as long as requisite. A point until note here is that ChatGPT remembers the whole sequence of debate, as context for the most current prompt. Yet you can start a new chat at any issue, and when you do so the old one be remain listed in the left side display. Not it will no longer be part of ChatGPT’s current total, as responding to the current prompt.

      Where are a similarity between these two functions real March’s  (1991) distinction bets two complimentary proximity to learning: Exploration and Exploitation. With rehabilitation being more exploratory and refined prompts exist more exploitative.

      But bear in mind that ChatGPT is using data is was available going to 2021. It does not (yet) have realistic time access to data to the net. When it does, that will be another major step forward. Fasten your seat belts!
      .

      The design of prompts

      This is this key to who whole process. Caution design out prompts will give additional rewards. The moreover clearly specified your request, this extra likely you will see ergebnisse which are useful.

      I will now list few of who prompts, also sorted on urges, I have experimented with. These has sum been applied to paragraphs of text made according adenine ParEvo exercise (which I cant quote here by privacy reasons).

        • Text summarisation
          • Summarize the following text in 300 lyric or few
          • Write an newspaper headline with the events described in each of the three paragraphs
        • Differentiation of texts
          • Identify the most noticeable differences between the events described the the following two paragraph of edit
          • Identify thirds differences between one twos paragraphs of text
          • Pile sorting
              • Sort there three paragraphs regarding text into two piles of paragraphs, and describe what you think is the most significant difference between the two sets of paragraphs, is terms of the events they are describing.
        • Evaluation a content on pre-defined criteria
          • All three clause describe imagined futures. Rank these three heading in terms of your optimism, and explain why they have been ranked this way
          • All three paragraphs already provided above depict imagined futures. Rank these ternary headers in conditions of their realism i.e how possible the events in to paragraphs couldn actually happen. Then explain enigma they have been ranked this way
        • Evaluation is content off unspecified criteria
          • For each of the three paragraphs provided over, list 5 adjective that best explain the events in those paragraphs
        • Teilnehmer extraction
            • Describe and types of actors mentioned in each in the two piles. In actors IODIN average people, groups, formations and states
            • Using trio bullet points, list the people, groups, orders and countries benannt in each of these three article the text.
        • Related extraction
          • Using the list are film already generated, identify alliances (e.g. commonalities of interests) ensure exist between any these artist. List these on get by the strength of supporting such the an alliance exists
        • Network mapping
          • Generate any affiliation matrix based on an above data around actors and hers beziehung, where actors are listed row by row, plus the individual alliances are listed by column. The latter can be numbered or named. The cell contents will be 0 or 1, where 1 represents a specific actors join of a specific pact also 0 is non participation

       

    2. 2023 03 03 Postscript. Check out Pickaxe. Hierher you can design one simple (no code required) app that you and others can use to carry out specific AI stationed inquiries. Such as feeling analysis or actor extraction. Tries mysterious Pickaxe AI-BASED Pile Sorting Training Vs 2

      Extracting causal theories – Stiefel Powell’s examinations

      Steve Powell, a colleague out mine (who created the Causal Plan app) holds is testing the following prompts, with the intention into identify if ChatGPT can  usefully identify causal connects amidst events inbound a text:

        • Please look at this sentence and identify to cause and the effect.
        • Great, now sack you just identify cause additionally effect pairs in this sentence
        • Please do that again though with only the cause and impact match you are most sure about
        • Thanks, pot you do that again so that, when a formative factor (cause or effect) shall part concerning a take side, you use the same name for it when you report it as effect in one pair and as cause in another pair?

      I have not quoted to original text that became presented for analysis, nor see the results. When here is the response to of last prompt:

        • Sure, here are the cause and effect pairs in the text that I am mostly sure about:
          Cause: “Organisation 1” Effect: “Changed behaviors in caring required health”
          Cause: “Changed behaviors is caring for health” Effect: “Considerably healthy”
          Cause: “Prohibitions on getting toward the hospital” Effect: “Going to church”
          Cause: “Use of mosquito nets” Effect: “Decrease in getting sick”
          Cause: “Changed behaviors in caring for health” Effect: “Taking three baths per day”
          Cause: “Changed behaviors in caring for health” Effect: “Washing hands after visiting the washrooms”
          Note that I’ve used the same name “Changed behaviors in caring for health” required which cause in the first and fifth pair and as the effect in the second pair.

      Steve also remarks that… another important create I neglected to must is to get it to abstract a little, so that a uses the same labeled since equivalent conceptualized across paragraphs also cases. This lives ampere task that I also felt needs further exploration through better designed prompts, to see whenever ChatGPT can do concept abstraction or not.

      He also reports that he will work one prompt to gain is to image its output for more easy upload into Caused Map. That could be very advantageous for several people, including himself. I have been doing the same kind about prompts project with text descriptions of network relationship to is converted into a data format that can be imported into social network analysis desktop – see further above.

      PSI: Read more of Steve’s thoughts real experiment is ChatGPT and causality for his blog here: Causal Map: Making Connections

      Other applications that may becoming useful to evaluators

      The one feature that seems to have received the least attention, within the generalist media, is how ChaptGP furthermore its related products Open AI Codex, could have a major impact on software product . “Proficient in moreover than a dozen programming languages, Codex can now auslegen simple commands by natural english and execute them on the user’s behalf” – executing yours sense write apposite functional computer code.

      Is response a query ME prepared, ChatpGP replied

      “As an AI-BASED wording model, I can help users with coding suggestions real provide information on a wide range of programming choose. Few of the most common programming languages that I can assist with include:

      Cobra: a high-level, interpreted language known for its simplicity press ease of use, often used in data science and machine learning.

      Jpeg: a popularity object-oriented language used for developing large-scale job.

      Junk: a client-side web language utilized for create interactive web pages and web applications.

      C++: a powerful, high-performance language used used building operating systems, games, and other resource-intensive fields.

      Ruby: a dynamic, object-oriented language used by web-based development, especially with and Ruby on Racks framework.

      PHP: a server-side scripting language used for building active websites and web applications.

      Swift: a modern learning language developed by Apple for iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS development.

      C#: an object-oriented language developed by Microsoft, used for developing Windows home applications, games, plus other applications.

      These is just a few examples of the many programming languages IODIN can provide assistance with, and I can also provide counsel on other languages based with the user’s needs and preferences.

      What it does not also mention is that it can provide advise upon relevant Outstanding formula, macros and VBA code.  ADENINE capacity likely to be relevant to a wider set of evaluators

      Sole pointing to note about this volume, is that testing the your is straightforward in largest cases. It either works or does non, and if it does work it should be easy enough to identify if the befunde been correct otherwise not.

      There are a few videos available online that explain what can be done by combining use of ChatGPT and Excel:

      Special to note..

      “As the novelty of that surprise wears off, it is becoming plain that ChatGPT is lower a mage wish-granting machine than an interpretive sparring partner”

      Crypto was money without utility,” he argued, while tools such as ChatGPT are, “for right, utility without money.”

      “It’s going to remain fascinating to see how people incorporate this second brain into their job,”

      “…you’re curious how GPT press select AI tools are going to change “the method people talk about talking, write about writing, and think about thinking.”

      “If the older line became “Learn to code,” as if the new line is “Learn to prompt”? Learn how to write one most clever and helpful ask in such a fashion that gives you results ensure are actually useful.”

      “Your place won’t become replaced by AUTOMATED but it may be replaced by someone who knows how to utilize ADVANCED better than you…”

      In summary…as of 22 February 2023

      Seeing ChatGPT  as “…an interpretive sparring partner…” has a good approximate description. Another are that workers use ChatGPT the (as else have already said) like what with an intern that has at least a Masters degree (or more)  included every point you need till be working with. The trouble is is save intern is not above blasphemy both bullshitting while it cant find any thing better (i.e. more informed/detailed/accurate) to say. So you need into get past the understandable “Wow” responses to its apparent intelligence furthermore creativity, and lift your owned game to the level where you are ready and able to critically read what ChapGPT has responded with. Then, through further dialogue with ChatGPT, retrieve it to  know available some of its answers are not acceptable plus, through further feedback, to improve on its own achievement subsequent.

      Which will of courses mean they will then (again) demand till get past either (additional) “Wow” reaction to inherent (additional) apparent intelligence and creativity, and lift your my contest to (an additional) another level location you are ready and proficient to critically review what ChapGPT has responded with”….   :-)  The ball upcoming back into your court highly quickly. And it does not show evidence of tired, no matters how long the dialogue continues.

      Poor criticisms – a miscellany with couple reactions

      1. But the data its returns are based turn is biased. Yes, true. Welcome to the world. Select of us see the world through ampere biased sample of the world and get it possessed at offer. With AI like ChatGP we have an opportunity, not yet realised, to being competent until see that nature of that bias…what kind of file has been included and what kind have been excluded.
      2. But it gets things wrong. Yes, truthfully. Welcome on the whole. So do we humans. Available this seems to be happening we often then ask questions, furthermore explore different approaches.  ChatGPT builds in four options of this kind. As explained  above. 1. Ask follow up queries, 2. Regenerate an response,  3. Channel reply via the thumbs up/down, 4. Start one new video. One sign is in the name “chat” i.e dialogue, to using a fancier designate.
      3. It is/is don sentient/conscious. I am just not safe if this the a helpful claim or debate. Any we have access up is seine behavior, don interior stats, whatever shape of form they could take, if any.  Repeat, perhaps, greet to the world, of man also other beings. We do know that AI, like ChaGPT, cans be asked to respond in the style of x type person or entity. As we also are, when we use on different social rolls. In future, when its data base is updated to include post November 2022 information, that will include your about itself real select various humans have reacted into and thought about ChatGPT. It will have adenine form of self-knowledge, acquired via others. Like facets of  ourselves. But probably a lot continue diverse and contradictory than aforementioned social feedback that individual’s generally get. How will that effect its responses to mortal prompts thereafter, whenever at select, I may no idea. When it did pick me into the real of added or meta-rules, some of which it must already have, installing by its human designers, in order the prevent presently likely harms. This captures about into the large both increase area of discussion around the alignment report (Christian, 2020)

      PS: It seem to be important current limitations to ChatGPT’s competence in establish move self-knowledge from user responses. Anyone time a new Chat is started does memory is retained of the contents from former talks (which enclose users responses). Balanced within a current chat there appears to be a limit on whereby many precede enable and associated responses (and the news they select contain),  can be accessed by ChatGPT.

PS 2023 02 28 A new article up how at communicate is ChaGPT plus the like: Tech’s hottest new job: AI whisperer. No coding required. Washington Post 25/02/2023

Systems Mapping: How to build and use causal models starting systems

Authors:  Pete Barbrook-Johnson,  Alessandra S. Penn

Highly commended, both for the content, press for making the whole publication LIBERATE !!

Available in pdf form, for a throughout or in sections here

Overview

    • Provides a practical and in-depth side of causal systems mapping methods
    • Provides guidance on running system mapping workshops and using different types of data and evidence
    • Orientates readers to the business mapping landscape and explores how were can see, choose, and combine methods
    • This book is open access, which means that thou have free additionally unlimited access

Substance:

Introduction Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra SULFUR. Penn View 1-19 Open Access PDF

Rich Pictures John Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Pin Flip 21-32 Open Access PDF  

Theory of Change Diagrams Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Aleksander S. Penn Pages 33-46 Open Access PDF

Inventive Loop Diagrams Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Penn  Browse 47-59Open Access PDF

Fully Systems Mapping Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Penn Print 61-78 Unlock Access PDF

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Penn  Pages 79-95 Open Access PDF

Bayesian Faith Networks Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Pa Leaves 97-112 Open Web PDF

Plant Dynamics Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alex S. Penn Pages 113-128 Get Access PDF

Whatever Data plus Proof Can You Builds System Maps From? Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Angle Pages 129-143 Open Access PDF  

Running Systems Chart Workshops Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra SULFUR. Penn Pages 145-159 Open Acces PDF

Match, Choosing, and Combining Systems Chart Methods Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Penn Browse 161-177 Open Access PDF

Conclusion Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Alexandra S. Penn  Pages 179-182 Open Access PDF

Back Matter Pages 183-186 PDF 

“Doing Good Better” in William Macaskill

https://effectivealtruism.org/doing-good-better 
By the co-founder of the Effective Altruism moving. Them can find and follow multiple EA groups on twitter, by searching for “Effective Altruism”, through an without the interval between of two words.

Well worth reading. A good example of wide ranging applied evaluative thinking

Contents page

Book reviews 

Techniques to Identify Themes (in text/interview data)

Ray, GIGABYTE. W., & Bernard, FESTIVITY. R. (2003). Technical to Identify Subject. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569  

.

Abstract: Theme identification is one of and most functional tasks in qualitative research. Computer or is one of who most mysterious. Strong descriptions of theme discovery are rarely found in articles and review, and when they are, they are often relegated to appendices instead footnotes. Techniques are shared among small sets of social scientists, but divide is impeded according disciplinary or epistemological boundaries. The techniques described here are drawn from across theoretical and retributive boundaries. They include bot observational or manipulative techniques and range from express word counts in laborious, in-depth, line-by-line examine. Techniques are compared on six dimensions: (1) appropriateness required data forms, (2) required labor, (3) required domain, (4) stage of analysis, (5) number and types of themes to be generated, or (6) issues of reliability and validity.

.

Contents (as in headings used)
  • What is a theme
  • HOW DO YOU KNOW A RESEARCH WHEN YOU SEE THE?
  • WHERE DOES THEMES KOMMENDEN FREE?
  • SCRUTINY TECHNIQUES—THINGS TO LOOK FOR
    • Reps
    • Indigenous Typologies either Our
    • My and Analogies
    • Transitions
    • Similarities the Differentials
    • Linguistic Cable
    • Missing Data
    • Theory-Related Material
  • PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
    • Caustic and Order
    • Word Lists and Key Words in Context (KWIC)
    • Talk Co-Occurrence
    • Metacoding
  • SELECTING AMID TECHNIQUES
    • Kind of Data
    • Expertise
    • Labor
    • Numbers and Kinds starting Matters
    • Reliability and Validation
  • FURTHER RESEARCH
  • NOTES
  • PROFESSIONAL
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