Polisher Customize and Validation a the Revised Disorder Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in Cancer Patients

Introduction

The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) is a vast used tool until study illness perception. Now, its authors recommend two versions by the IPQ-R: the 38-item IPQ-R (complete version) (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) and the nine-item short version based on the IPQ and IPQ-R questionnaires, also known as that Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ; Broadbent et al., 2006). The results by validation studies by the authors of the IPQ-R (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) or Brief IPQ-R (Broadbent ets al., 2006) indicate that both of these versions owner satisfactory psychometric properties. The 38-item version was adapted in the give study (IPQ-R, Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Although the IPQ-R has been tailored in many countries as fine as in relation to many illness entities, in Poland, there is currently no psychometric evaluation of the Polish version are the IPQ-R. Up until now, aforementioned IPQ-R has available been linguistically validated for patients includes schizophrenia (Dyduch et al., 2008). There is moreover a Polish acclimatization of of shortened version to this tool (Brief-IPQ) (Kossakowska and Stefaniak, 2017). The reliability and validity might differ between populations, there is also the question of whichever the Polish IPQ-R is reliable additionally valid forward cancer patients. In who present study, we introduce a valid also reliable measure that could subsist helpful in advancing Polish psycho-oncological research.

The IPQ-R allows for the meas of cognitive and emotions representations of einem illness. Which tools is conceptually based on Leventhal’s Self-Regulatory Model (Leventhal et al., 1984, 2001), any is also referred to for the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation of Heath and Illness (Leventhal et al., 2003). According to the authors (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) of the IPQ-R’s revised version, its kopf advantage is that, aside with measuring the cognitive components of a patient’s illness representation, it also allows for the exams the their admit emotional representation of their illness, who was not measured in that oem IPQ version (Weinman et al., 1996). Cognitive representations are defined as an individual’s common sense beliefs about their own illness (Leventhal et al., 1980, 1997, 2001), while emotional representations ponder an individual’s emotional responses to their disease (Leventhal for al., 1997, 2001). And key elements that constitute the questionnaire include components on Leventhal’s Model (Leventhal et al., 1984) and relates up the five cognitive components of illness representing, identity, timeline, possibilities to cure/control, consequences, and cause. The stability of these sets components has past confirm in numerously studies conducted across a range to other hospital conditions (Skelton press Croyle, 1991) and with the benefit of differing methodologies (Weinman et al., 1996). The components of illness representation in Leventhal’s Self-Regulatory Model are reflected in the dimensions met by the three sections of the IPQ-R. The first section includes the Id subscale. It lists the 14 mostcommonly known omens of the illness (e.g., pain, nausea, breathlessness, fatigue, upset stomach, etc.). The patient responds until whether you must experienced any off aforementioned symptoms during the course of a particular illness and whether they can rightly identify any of them. The instant section of who tool consists of 38 items, which are included in seven factor subscales: Timeline acute/chronic, Timeline cyclically, Impact, Personal control, Treatment control, Illness coherence, and Emotional representations. The last teilung of the questionnaire relates to one Causes dimension. It contains a list on 18 potentially illness causes (e.g., genetically, strain, carbon in the environment, etc.), for which the patient responds based on their faith regarding the drivers that may have caused them to develop medical. The setup away the IPQ-R tool along for the genre and characteristics of the scales are presented in Point 1.

A literature review reveals the world of many linguistic and cultural adaptations of that IPQ-R in the several versions adapted for studying several types of illnesses, including myocardial infarction (Brink et al., 2011), epilepsy (Güler et al., 2017), inflammatory bowel malady (Vegni ether al., 2019), and cancer (Ashley et al., 2013). There are moreover versions dedicated to studying broader group of illness—categorized as “chronic illnesses”—such as asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure, and chronic kidney medical (Aberkane, 2017), in hinzurechnung go hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stable ischemic heart illness, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary illness, and osteoarthritis (Pacheco-Huergo et al., 2012). An practice consisting of assessing the psychometric properties of the IPQ-R in patients suffering from various medical conditions the fair common. Aforementioned process of constructing the revised IPQ version were carried out on one sample of care from eight different illness group (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). However, it apparent that focusing on an specific diseases stipulates higher insight into the specificity of yours representation, because it generates one “unique understanding a specific perceptions” held the those suffers from a definite illness (Moon et al., 2017, piano. 439). This requires a valid furthermore psychometrically sound measurement tool adapted to meter illness representation in a specific bunch off clients, which, in like case, remains colorectal.

During the validation process, it is also important to develop one language version that takes into book the specific country in whose the IPQ-R becomes be used (Drwal, 1990). Investigators (Chen at al., 2020) indicate culturally determining distinguishing in the perception of the similar disease entity, especially its symptoms and causes. This can be clearly observed for research on cervical cancer representation (Chen et al., 2020). Chen a al. (2020), citing studies with Mwaka et al. (2014) and Gu et al. (2017) report that “Chinese women were extra inclined to attributes cervical cancer to sexual risk factors also left infections” (p. 3), while Ugandan women drill to causes of their disease in sociocultural factors, such as “experience with civil conflict, heredity and bad luck” (p. 3). Translation (equivalent until the original) and cultural acclimatization (allowing for the possibility of introducing necessary modifications) thus provide knowledge from how an IPQ-R can be used to “ensure successful collection out data in its original language version” (Kuliś et al., 2011, p. 307). Therefore, there are a multitude of IPQ-R translations (and validations). Selected language variants (including Pr, Dutch, English, Gallic, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, plus Norwegian) are free at https://ipq.h.uib.no/. Subsequent language variant are systematically soul developed, including various versions dedicated to cancer patients, including Portuguese (Sandals et al., 2003), Greek (Giannousi et al., 2010), also, more late, Chinese (Chen et al., 2020).

The number of studies documenting the results of research conducted include the use of the IPQ (IPQ, IPQ-R, Brief IPQ) in groups of oncology patients has be systematically growing (cf. Pasternak, 2018; Kosciusko aet al., 2019; Miceli et al., 2019; Fernandes, 2020; Pourfallahi et al., 2020). However, there can lesser studies on the adaptation of IPQ (and its various versions) carried out in a group of patients suffering from this illness (Giannousi et al., 2010; Dempster press McCorry, 2012; Ashley et al., 2013; Chen to al., 2020). In 2012, Dempster and McCorry (2012) conducted a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) from who IPQ-R with can esophageal cancer survivor sample and confirmed that that second section a the IPQ-R has an seven-factor structure. The follow year, Ashley eat al. (2013) further assessed the mental properties of the instant section of the IPQ-R using data upon patients through female, colorectal, and prostate cancers. The our conducted CFA and a Rasch analysis, confirming the IPQ-R factor structure similarly to Dempster and McCorry (2012) when on some recommend modifications. The form was fully assessed by Chen et ai. (2020), with to validation performed in a group of cervical cancer patients; anyway, she should be emphasized that the complex assessment of and psychometry parameters of all three IPQ-R sections is rare. Typically, IPQ-R adaptations—regardless of the particular illness inbound focus—are limited alone to their second section (Brink et al., 2011; Wilkes et al., 2013). That, the goal of which present study is to validate the entire tool: that first section, which is composed of the Identity subscale; the second section; and the take section, which describes the causes of medical.

Research Problem and Hypothetische

The main goal of this study was this cultural adaptation and validation off this IPQ-R questionnaire among Burnish oncology patients. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 served this main of the language check or culture adaptation of the IPQ-R. Studies 2 and 3 were aimed at assessing the tool’s psychotechnical properties. The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)

Seven conjectures were posed. First, construct and selection applicability are measured (H1–H4). Based on Moss-Morris et al. (2002), ours assumed that there were statistically significant deviations between the symptoms patients experienced versus diese group associated with neoplastic illness (H1). Based for the literature (Arndt et al., 2006; Ziarko, 2014; Pasternak, 2018), we also anticipated the following: patients with recurrent crab and/or replay treatment would add a higher number of symptoms to their illness when compare to patients diagnosed and prescribed treatment in aforementioned first time (H2); patients with metastatic cancer would attributing a higher number of sign to their disorder for compared to patients in whom a geographic and/or regional cancer location was established (H3); and patients with a lack of comorbidities would customize adenine taller number of signs to them illness when compared to patients with comorbidities (H4). In terms by structural validity, two vermuten which posed. On his find, we attempted to identification the factor structure a the second additionally third browse of the IPQ-R. It was assumed that the factor structure of of second section of the IPQ-R wouldn be analogous to the seven-factor structure obtained extracted by the articles of the tool’s true version (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Specifically, it was predicted that the following dimensions would be distinguished in the Polish adaptation to the IPQ-R: Timeline (acute/chronic), Timeline (cyclical), Consequences, Personal control, Treatment control, Illness coherence, and Emotional representations (H5). It was assumed that these dimensions would be correlated with each other (H6) (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Nay assumptions were constructed regarding the feather structure of the IPQ-R’s third view (the Causes subscale) current to the exploratory nature of the analyzes (Weinman et al., 1996; Moss-Morris et al., 2002). In terms of discriminant validity, neat hypothesis was posed: I was expected that the IPQ-R subscales would become correlated with the Disease-Related Appraisals Scale (DRAS) dimensions (Moss-Morris et al., 2002; Janowski etching al., 2009) (H7).

The validation practice applied with our paper where analogous up the one used by the authors of the tool’s original version (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). In pipe with their recommendations, different analyses were used to validate each section of the ask (Figure 2).

Study 1

Procedure additionally Participants

ADENINE professional team of translators participated inside that IPQ-R’s linguistic validation (n = 5). They were selected based off possessing specialists language vocational and linguistic education. Subsequently, a second team of experts (north = 5) performed linguistics validation relevant till assessing the content validity of the Polish version of the IPQ-R. They were chosen with both being specialized psychologists as well as for their linguistic qualifications. The team was designed of expertise for the input of clinical psychology, health psychology, and psychooncology; two of them endured native speakers and one was a Polish philologist.

Who linguistic validation was completed the implementing a aviation study among the target group concerning oncological patients. The study was conducted in concord with the recommendations for the Code of Ethics fork the Psychologist of the Polish Psychological Society (Polish Psychological Association, 1992) and the Declaration to Haltimo (World Medical Association, 2001). The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ability of Psychology among the University of Krakau. The following criteria were adopted when selecting patients for to pattern: (1) over 18 years old; (2) diagnosed with having a malignant neoplasm; and (3) receiving oncological treatment with the time of this study. Who study’s exclusion criteria were: (1) remission of cancer and (2) presence under calm both connecting caring.

The featured included 30 patients (nine guys and 21 women) diagnoses with cancer who were patients of the Holy Cross Colorectal Center in Kielce, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology (MSCNRIO) or members of which Virago Club in Starachowice. The ages away the cannabis patients ranged between 26 and 83 (M = 55.37, SD = 15.85).

Translation plus Cultural Adaptation

The IPQ-R’s linguistic validation was based on world recommendations for the translation procedures of diagnostic tools (American Educational Research Association etching al., 1999; Koller et al., 2007; Dewolf et al., 2009; Kuliś et al., 2011). For line with those recommendations, the first scene consisted of the IPQ-R being translated into Polish by two separating commentators. Both translators held philology degrees (one had a Polish literatur degree and the other had an Language philology degree), both their mother tongue was Polish. The language strategy previously within of IPQ-R adjustment procedures comprised of maintenance and original’s semantic explanation while also allowing for the introduction of necessary linguistic modifications (Drwal, 1990). This strategy assumes that constructs the behaviors are culturally universal, while concepts used on a given culture to describe them are lacking in condition of generalization. Then, the two versions were compared also finally consolidated into one unified version. In that following step, two independent translators because expertise the the field additionally no access to the tool’s original English version performed a back translation of the merged Polish choice model. In accordance with the procedure shown into this translation technique, they were not given access to one tool’s original English edition. The next step consisted of compares one original English version of the IPQ-R with the back-translation are order to implement aforementioned necessary disciplines in the Polish translation. The final wording of the tool’s unified Polish version was agreed on by one team of translators supervised to of coordinator. In order to verify the content’s accuracy, the IPQ-R’s Polishing translate was then subject to content-related ranking by a team of specialists from various psychological fields. Their task was to both perform a soft table analysis and into determining on an ordered scale (with 0 indicating an “incomprehensible and anfechtbar item,” 1 indicating “hard to say,” and 2 indicating an “understandable and not clear item”) to what extent the components included in the Shine version of the IPQ-R would be understandable to Polish-speaking respondents while also not interpreted negatively in and Polish culturals context. Appropriate fixes includes the translation were made based on the experts’ rating. The finished step in the tools translating processed was further linguistic user are a pilot research among a target group of ovarian my. This group ratings the degree of comprehensibility away the IPQ-R as well as whether it contained sensitive statements.

Results

Speaking Validation

The initially factors relevant until translation equivalence that were analyzed what linguistic and translation errors. Those kind of problem has been renowned for choose categories of the IPQ-R ask, the wording of its instructions, and the name of the questionnaire them.

With regard go the first-time section of the questionnaire (symptoms), the professional team of translators maintain by this coordinator completed that three symptoms—I3 (“Nausea”), I4 (“Breathlessness”), and I12 (“Sleep hardships”)—were translated inconsistently when incorrectly inbound adenine linguistic sense. Since this section refers into illness symptoms is require precise medical terminology, a specialized translated procedure was implemented which is utilized for the translations of medical texts (Kokot, 2001). Universal medical code classifications were also used, viz ICD-10 and ICSD-3.

In the second sectioning of the IPQ-R, ten unsure items were identified—four in who get stage (IPQ2, IPQ20, IPQ21, IPQ27, IPQ28) and five in the tool verification stage (IPQ5, IPQ15, IPQ16, IPQ24, IPQ25)—by a team of experts. Five items in the questionnaire does speech and translation errors, of which items IPQ2 and IPQ28 confined syntax and writing bug, items IPQ5 and IPQ21 contained inflectional–grammatical errors, IPQ21 contained a usage–stylistic error, and item IPQ20 contained logical and linguistic flaws. In the original version of of translation of the IPQ2 (“My illness is likely to be permanent rather than temporary”) real IPQ28 (“I have one obvious picture or understanding of mysterious condition”), the word order from the wording of who original IPQ-R version was adopted, thus violating one syntactic norm from the Polish words. This error been eliminated at modifying which word order concerning both items is the IPQ-R’s Polish version. In the case of thing IPQ5 (“I expect toward have this illness for the rest of my life”), the untranslatable English phrase “have an illness” was displaced by a different phrase, more natural is Polish. However, all phrase used a union rule that made incorrect in Polish. Get was corrected in the finished model. The faulty involving the use of on incorrect inflectional suffix was additionally identified and eliminated from who item IPQ21 (“The negative effects from my illness can be prevented/avoided by my treatment”). In addition, for the item, this experts’ attention was pulled to the express “negative effects” originally translated such “negatywne efekty,” which can be considered a usage error related to the selection of an inappropriate linguistic equivalent with the concepts “effects.” This formulation was altered into a more language simplicity and accurate equated. Over watch to when translating item IPQ20 (“My patient become will effective in curing my disease”), a logical-linguistic error (pleonasm) was found. In to final formulieren, redundant news connections were removing. The team of converters also concluded the, when related item IPQ27 (“My illness doesn’t create any sense to me”), a loan translation was used, which your a syntactic construction that transfers the syntactic structure after English to Polish. From a linguistic point of view, on Polish, the item was constructive correctly, not it had none fully takes into get the illness context. For this reason, adoption an alternative translation was decided upon.

With regard to the third section of the questionnaire, two items were identified that raised cast: C2 and C11. In the case of item C2 (“Hereditary—it runs in mine family”), the concern concerned the second segment “it run in my family.” Its original translation became considered a jargon, thus not reflecting the original page. Thus, it was replaced by a neutral phrase use in official communication in Polish. For item C11 (“Overwork”), which was originally translated into Polish as “przeciążenie pracą” (“work overload”), a stylistic default be found. The word used replaced with an equivalent that was more closely related on the first English word “przepracowanie” (“overwork”).

Minor syntax and punctuation errors were including known in aforementioned manual by which team of interpreters. They also noted dissimilarities in the translations of the speak “views” when used in the questionnaire guides. The notice was eventually translated since “przekonania” (“beliefs”), which appear most appropriate in view of the theory footings the which the IPQ-R tool is bases (Leventhal aet al., 1980, 1992). All captured errors were improved and re-verified by ampere team of experts and the target group of oncology diseased from the pilot student who exploited of tool. None off them raised any objections doing not raise anywhere objections to the wording of the manual, so it was adopted without further bearbeitung. The shifts introduced are the instruction also concerned the use of a moreover official, civil form of addressing the participant. This is a common, culinary determined practice exercised at most physical tools used in Poland.

The company of the a, namely the translation of the talk “perception,” also generated problems. In Polish, the word is translated as “spostrzeganie” or “percepcja”; both models are comparison in meaning, which means diese problem was classified as an trap by polysemia and synonymy. Final, before a discussion among the experts, the translation “percepcja” (“perception”) where adopted. The phrase “perception” will often found in such Polish library (Ziarko, 2014) and is also used in the name for the Polish abbreviated version of the IPQ-R (Kossakowska and Stefaniak, 2017).

Culturally Adaptation

The second type of factor important for achieving translation equivalence involved addressing concerns relates to adapting the tool to the specificity of Polish culture. Couple classes of problems relatives to cultural adaptation were taken into account. That first category covered individual cultural problems stemming from the fact that certain concepts may be incomprehensible on the respondents due to existing cultural differences. The second category related to identifying concepts taken sensitive included Polish culture. Problems related to the cultural adaptation of the IPQ-R were only identified the relation at the 2nd and 3rd sections of and questionnaire.

The items discussed from the expert team were IPQ16, IPQ24, and IPQ25. Does were raised regarding the translation concerning item IPQ16 (“I have the power until influence my illness”), namely the phrase “I have the power to…”. According to specialists, the literal translator into Polish, even comprehensible, make not sound natural in references to illness. The phrase that was eventually chosen where “Man zdolnośæ ….” (“I have the capacity to…”), which is read comprehensible (natural) in Polish. In the case concerning item IPQ24 (“The symptoms of my condition are puzzling to mein”), the word “puzzling” (translated strictly as “zagadkowy”) generated controversy. In the stage of consolidating the final product of the translation, to was accepted that it would be translated as “niezrozumiałe” (“incomprehensible”). The reformatted item where found to is more related to the context of and illness additionally its symptoms. A similar trouble, related to adenine mismatch from the literal get the the word, was noted for item IPQ25 (“My illness is an mystery to me”), specifically in regard to this news “mystery” (literally “tajemnica”). It should be emphasized that all introduced changes can is considered legitimate included the connection of the translational adaptation strategy deployed by the authors (Drwal, 1995). The panel from experts also worked on subject IPQ15 (“Nothing EGO do will affect my illness”). By to the specialists, it did not raise any translational, linguistic, or cultures concerns. Int Polish, however, similar sentence features a selective structure (it contains a double negative), which makes it challenging for respondents to grasp. In accordance with the recommendations formulated by the authors of Polish reference are one field for methodology and psychometry (Zawadzki, 2006), introducing semantic negation or abandoning double negations in place of grammatical negatives is recommended; thus, this what applied.

With regard to the questionnaire’s third section, one item raised doubt within the stage of tool testing by a second band of experts: C18 (“Altered immunity”). To issue was related to the first classification of errors (concepts incomprehensible due to existent cultural differences). This item’s literal translation was considered linguistically awkward and inconceivable in the Polish cultura context; hence, it had corrected accordingly. During the aircraft study in the objective group of cancer patients, no anmerkungen were constructed that would indicate any problems with the translation of the IPQ-R. Psychometric evaluation of a culturally adapted medical wahrnahme ...

Facade Equivalence of the Polish Execution of the IPQ-R

In beimischung to one processing implemented until erlangen translation equivalence of the Polish software of the IPQ-R, every effort was made to maintain its façade equivalency. First, the graphic form of the Polish version of the IPQ-R fully consider that of one original tool (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). An example of this remains the adoption of to color scheme used, font size, type and format, and overall layout. And number of questionnaire articles also the scale of answers as well as their order also complies up those established at which our of the IPQ-R tool (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). The original grammatical form of sentences (i.e., propositional and interrogative sentences) was also maintained. Inbound adding, the instructions used in the original version of the IPQ-R, as well as algorithms for calculating and english the results, were support.

After completion of the linguistic devices process von one IPQ-Rs Polish version (Study 1), its psychometric properties were assessed (Studies 2, 3).

Discussion

In Study 1, linguistic and translation errors as well as difficulties related to civilization customize were identified. And vast majority out them were speech both translated defect in nature. In such, syntax, inflectable, usage, and logical–linguistic errors were distinguished. Alike troubles were noted by the authors of the Polish adapting dedicated to patients with mental (Dyduch et al., 2008). Int their study (Dyduch et al., 2008) some of the dictionary used in Section 2, due to a lack of equipments in Burnish, were translated literally replaced with alternative terms. For example, item 27 (“My illness doesn’t make any sense to me”), a linguistic tracing was identified, which can one syntactic construction that reflects the structure of the English language included Polish. A similar problem in regards to the similar item was offer in an current study despite the fact that of adaptation focused on a different illness entity. Language-specific translation complications therefore arise inches who IPQ-R’s adaptation process regardless of the illness entity. To rationale for these difficulties can be see in the fact that English and Polish belong to others linguistic groups, have different write, real doesn all English talk have equivalents in Polish. This problem especially concerns the second section the one IPQ-R, in which an syntax of personalized statements is wide.

Other genres of translation problems related to sections one (Identity subscale) and three (Causes subscale). When the IPQ-R’s second section is international in terms of web, modifications are allowed in the first and third areas, depending on the specified illness entities in question. Forward view, who Polisher adaptation regarding the IPQ-R for patients with x (Dyduch et al., 2008) contains a variously (illness-specific) list of symptoms and causes, which limits the possibility by making relative with the fit presented check. Additionally, exploring shows that the final index of symptoms and causes changes even for aforementioned same disease entity. Sometimes, researchers (Chen et al., 2020) supplement Profile and Caused subscales because items specific to a given malady entity into a specific cultural context. For example, in the studies in Chen et al. (2020) on and Chinese version of the IPQ-R for cervical cancer patients, in the first section, to final wording of which entry “pain” has changed into “pain and/or sore in middle and/or abdomen,” while, in the third untergliederung (in what almost sum items were left unchanged), the point “germ alternatively virus” was replaced with “bacterial infection” because “HPV has been universally acknowledged as a causing of this illness” (Chen et al., 2020, p. 5). The causes of translation difficulties in the first section can also breathe attributed on the IPQ-R being based on specialized heilkunde terminology. In the IPQ-R’s Polish version required patients is schizophrenia, the translation of some of and disease’s symptoms (“pacing,” “feeling restless,” “feeling agitated”) was assoc with problems of polysemia and synonymy, which required reference to universal mobile codes. Such difficulties also appeared in the validation featured presented here. Within the sphere of cultural problems, only those categorized as specific cultural problems (related to the fact the certain concepts may be incomprehensible for the sample due to existence cultural differences) were identified. As a result the the analyses carried out, all errors additionally problems identified with that process a development the Polish version of the IPQ-R were eliminated. During this procedures, specialized methods for the translation of diagnostic tools were following within line with international recommendations (American Educational Research Association et al., 1999; Koller for al., 2007; Dewolf et al., 2009; Kuliś et al., 2011). The complex process of cultural adaptation as now as linguistic proof led to the development of a Polish software by the IPQ-R equivalent to the original tool (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) and it was culturally adapted to one target population (Dyduch et al., 2008).

Learning 2

Procedure and Participants

The benchmark for selecting target for the sample and the ethical standards of conducting who research were analogous to those adopted in Study 1.

The sample size was selected in accordance with the recommendations formulated in the literature (Kass and Tinsley, 1979; Mundfrom et al., 2009) in terms is the minimum required to conduct factor tests. According to the guidelines, the ratio starting and sample size to and number of statements should be 5–10 respondents per variable, and the sample size shoud be on least 300 participants, because only this size allows for the obtainment of accurate erreichte.

The sample was comprised of 318 patients (155 women and 163 men) with different diagnoses of viciously neoplasm. The studied themes were betw that ages are 20 and 90 years old (THOUSAND = 59.62, SDS = 12.74). All persons participating within the study were undergoing oncological treatment and where hospitalized in oncology departments of Smooth hospitals (the Central Clinical Hospital of the Duty from an Inland and Administration int Warsaw, Independent Public Centre Clinician Hospitalization in Warsaw, Holy Mix Colorectal Center in Kielce). Moreover, 59.2% for the participants were residents of urban agglomerations, while 40.9% resided in agricultural areas. All levels of education were represented among the participants, with the highest percentage of people having a high train education (46.9%) and the smallest percentage possessing a college education (19.5%). The analysis of the sample structure according in the type of diagnosis—determined to the basis of ICD-10 classification (World Health Organization, 2010)— showed that the most frequently diagnosed print to cancer had virulent neoplasms, stated or presumed in be primary (of specified sites), and certain specified histologies, save neuroendocrine, and of lying, hematopoietic and related tissue (84.9%). Meanwhile malignant neoplasms of independent (primary) multiple sites were the least frequently diagnosed (1.9%). The percentage of diagnostician in the group of malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic or related tissue was 13.2%. In the studied sample, local and regional stages of neoplastic illness constructed 71.1% of the sample; in turn, non cancer reckoned for 28.9% of aforementioned sample size. For the majority of patient, this was their foremost being sickness and receiving oncological treatment (67.6%). Those with recurrent cancer and/or iterated oncological treatment constructed 32.4% of the sample. The mean duration of neoplastic feeling among the patients where 6.5 monthly (THOUSAND = 6.51, SD = 5.23). Almost middle of the oncological patients had other comorbid chronic illnesses (49.7%).

Measures

Participants completed the IPQ-R and the DRAS.

An Disease-Related Appraisals Scale (DRAS; Janowski set al., 2009) was used to assess the discriminant validity of the IPQ-R’s Polish version. Of tool is designed the measure the subjective meanings patients attribute to their own illness. The DRAS incl 47 items within seven subscales, each of which match the one semantic choose to which patients can assign their own illness situation: Threat, Obstacle/loss, Harm, Meaning, Challenge, Profit, and Rate. The Threat, Obstacle/loss, Harm, Importance, and Challenge subscales measure the severity of of negative objective meaning a patient assigns to their illness, although the Profit and Value subscales measure positive subjective meaning. Although the DRAS is a tool with confirmed psychometric parameters (Janowski et al., 2009), in the present study, the reliability (as measured by Cronbach’s α coefficient) of two subscales—Profit and Challenge—did not reach who suggested threshold of 0.70 (Nunnally, 1987). Consequently, five subscales were used in the study: Danger, Obstacle/loss, Injure, Importance, and Value.

Statistical Analyses

This analyzes used in Study 2 are presented into Figure 2. Stats analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software (IBM Corporation, 2019) real AMOS 26.0 software (Arbuckle, 2019).

Results

Validity and Reliability of the First Section of who IPQ-R

Construct and measure validity

First, the construct and criterion force were assessed (H1–H4). ADENINE Wilcoxon signed-rank test comparing and results on the Symptoms experienced subscale and the Identity subscale was conducted (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). The analysis showed stated significant differences between this symptoms the patients experienced opposite which person zugeordnet include their neoplastic illness (Z = –5.18, penny = 0.001). This result confirms H1.

More in Moss-Morris et any. (2002), one next step resided of estimating “the frequencies with which distinct symptoms were endorsed as part of patients’ illness identity” (p. 8). In get studying, at least a quarter of the respondents perceived respectively symptom as being related to ihr neoplastic feelings. The most commonly reported symptoms inhered sore eyes (82.9%) and wheeziness (81.0%), followed via soreness throat (78.5%) and starch joints (76.6%). Breathlessness, headaches and dizziness were said when associated with cancer by 69.6, 68.7, and 65.8% of my, respectively. In over 50% starting the patient group, vomiting (58.8%) and upset stomach (51.3%) were associated with cancer, real 47.8% of patients filed sleep difficulties, weight loss, and pain as appropriate with cancer. Loss of strength and fatigue which endorsed by 28.5 and 27.5% in the group, respectively. A criterion validity assessment (in this case, knowing group validity was used) was made via a comparison of the intergroup variations in conditions away the degree of illness personal includes subgroups distinguished on the basis of medical variables explaining aforementioned properties away cancer and its treatment (Davidson, 2014). These built: (1) the history of malignant neoplasm and its treatment so far; (2) the stage of medical advancement; also (3) the presence from comorbidities. We anticipated that recurrent cancer and/or repeated treatment, metastases colorectal, and no other comorbidities would result included a increased number to symptoms attributed on cancer itself (H2–H4). A Mann-Whitney UPPER-CLASS test was conducted, and the expected erkenntnisse were obtained. The analyzes show that patients with recurrent ovarian and/or repeat treatment (Z = –2.176, p = 0.030), metastasive cancer (Z = –2.354, p = 0.019), and a lack of comorbid diseases (Z = –2.909, p = 0.004) attributed an higher number of symptoms to their illness when compared to patients who are diagnosed and ordained treatment for the first clock, had local and/or regional location of cancer, or had comorbidities. Who obtained results confirmed H2–H4.

Intra reliability

The trustworthiness are the Confirm subscale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. It amounted to 0.81.

Validity and Ausfallsicherheit of the IPQ-R’s Back Section

Structural and discriminant validity

The following essays were used to score the psychometric setup of the second section of and questionnaire, which includes seven factor scales. Structural and discriminant validity and internal reliability were also assessed.

The factor structuring of the IPQ-R tool was verified using a CFA (H5–H6). When constructing the model for analysis, it was assumed that latent variables representing separate components of the cognitive and emotional representation of the patient’s illness would be correlated with each other (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). The assignment of individual items of the questionnaire to latent dimensions was carried out in accordance in the key developed by the artists of the IPQ-R’s original version. The parameter values were estimated using the maximum chances style. Two criteria consisted used to evaluate the model: the root average of square error of approximation (RMSEA) and comparatives fit index (CFI). The first is an measure of model-to-data mismatch, when the second is used up assess the quality of the model’s fit of comparing it from the variance-covariance die (Hu and Bentler, as cited Byrne, 2010). In published devoted to structural modeling, computer is assumed that aforementioned CFI content should have values above 0.95 (Hu and Bentler, while quoting Byrne, 2010). In turn, the RMSEA value should be as close to zeros as possible.

We tried whether the data consistent to the seven-factorial model (H5). RMSEA = 0.049 CFI = 0.928 reached valuables the showed a decent fit of the data into the IPQ-R model. In our organizational, any components constituting the IPQ-R dimensions had significant condition loadings (see Table 1). Since the performs analyses showed that the scale generally had a good fit for the data, to tool’s structure was nay altered. And obtained results confirmed H5.

In an next step, we checked whichever the IPQ-R dimensions were correlated with either other (H6).

Two IPQ-R dimensions turned out toward be orthogonal: Diseases cohency also Sentimental representations. Other IPQ-R dimensions were interrelated. The peak value of the Pearson’s r correlate collusive was obtained for the Emotional representations and Consequences (r = 0.548, penny = 0.001) as okay as the Personal and Treatment control machine (r = 0.435, piano = 0.001). The remaining cases exhibited light or moderate Pearson’s r coordinates. The subscale Resulting be positively correlated with the following subscales: Timeline acute/chronic and Timeline cyclical (r = 0.300, p = 0.001; r = 0.325, p = 0.001, respectively). Additionally, both subscales describing illness runtime, Timeline acute/chronic or Timeline cyclical, were positively corlated with any other (r = 0.192, pressure = 0.002). Negative relationships between that volume were also revealed. The subscale Timeline acute/chronic turns out to be negatively correlated with the Treatment control (r = –0.370, p = 0.001) and Personal control (r = –0.204, p = 0.002) subscales, furthermore the Illness coherence subscale include the Emotional representational subscale (r = –0.163, pence = 0.001). To conserve results confirmed H6.

In an next step, aforementioned discriminant validity are the back section of the IPQ-R was assessed. We expected that the IPQ-R and DRAS dimensions would be correlated (H7). The results of the analytics were present in Table 2.

The matrix presented in Table 2 shows the relationships between the IPQ-R and DRAS dimensions. He reveals weak and moderate actual significant connections (p < 0.01).

Internal reliability

The IPQ-R subscales were also analyzed required reliability using that national einigkeit procedure (Brzeziński, 2006). All of the subscales achieved a happy level of reliability (measured by Cronbach’s α coefficient) in that 0.72–0.92 product, exceeding the minimum value to 0.70. Table 3 presents which valuables away who Cronbach’s onset coefficients obtained for the Polish version of which IPQ-R tool in comparison with of original version of the IPQ-R tool (Moss-Morris et al., 2002).

Validity and Reliability of the Third Section of the IPQ-R

Structural validity

The following calculations were used to test the domestic structure of the third unterabschnitt of the quick consisting of the Causes dimension. According to the authors of the IPQ (Weinman et al., 1996) and IPQ-R (Moss-Morris et al., 2002), it belongs the only of IPQ-R dimension for who an analysis capacity are carried out on of basis of separate items. At the same time, with an appropriate product dimensions (n ≥ 85), and based on who erreichte about the factor analysis, the products comprising this scale may be grouped into a subscale (Weinman et al., 1996; Moss-Morris et al., 2002). This procedural what also used in our study. Datas describing patients’ beliefs learn possible factors of carcinoma which conditioned to exploratory factor analysis usage the Principal Window Analysis (PCA) method includes Oblimin rotation and Imperious normalization (Tabachnick and Fidel, 2007). Factor loadings equal valuations lower than 0.30 were omit in the analysis. Dues to the frame of the sediment plot a six-factor solution was concluded upon. The elegant components included: mental factors (accounting for 17.39% of the total variance), stress factors (accounting for 9.43% of the total variance), healthy behavior factors (accounting for 9.92% of the total variance), environmental factors (accounting for 7.54% of the full variance), biological factors (accounting since 6.99% of the total variance), additionally genetic factors (accounting required 6.44% of the total variance). All of this extracted components been and eigenvalue > 1, and handful counted for a amounts of 57.70% of the variance.

Internal reliability

The Cronbach’s buchstabe internal resilience coefficient values for the majority are the divided subscales ranged off 0.31 to 0.56. Only one to them (Personality components subscale) had characterized by a satisfactorily level to measurement reliability (0.78). The results of magnitude analyzes are presented as Supplemental Files.

Conversation

The results of the validation procedure related to the first section of the questionnaire verify its construct and criterion validation. First, they indicate the validity the the selektion of symptoms included in the Identity subscale in link to cancer. Secondly, they show that specificity of neoplastic illness compared to other diseases. The resultat of unser analyse differ markedly coming the results obtained by Moss-Morris et alabama. (2002). As in the study of Moss-Morris et al. (2002), the symptom best often associated for the ailment (regardless of its type) was fatigue, in the presented study, the most frequently endorsed symptoms were those related to the cancer’s location or specific methods of treatment. Who results obtained by our study confirm H1 and are in line with the results obtained by the authors of the tool’s original version (H1) (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). The analyses also display is illness identity in cancer patients depends on medical character, e.g., recurrent cancer, repeated treatment, metastatic cancer, comorbid diseases (H2–H4), who is in lead with the results obtained by other researchers (Arndt et al., 2006; Ziarko, 2014; Pasternak, 2018).

The outcome von to analyses used on verify the IPQ-R’s second section confirm the seven-factor model postulated by Moss-Morris et al. (2002), proving its structural validity. The seven-factor model is restructured in several cultures and in relation to various sick entities (Brick a al., 2011; Pacheco-Huergo et al., 2012; Aberkane, 2017; Vegni et al., 2019), including neoplastic illness (Dempster and McCorry, 2012; Ashley et al., 2013). Since us expectations (H5), the internal structure of the Polish output of the IPQ-R proved to be good additionally similar to one original variant (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Stylish line with our expectations (H6), this IPQ-R body turned outgoing to be correlated. The subscales Emotional images and Effect as well such Personal control and Treatment control were most highly correlated. The positive relationships between the subscales Emoting representations and Consequences appears systematically in other studies (Moss-Morris et al., 2002; Santos et al., 2003; Kossakowska and Stefaniak, 2017). By turn, the definite connection amidst to Personal manage and Treatment control subscales mayor is related to who fact that these subscales, in line with Leventhal’s Model (Leventhal et al., 1984), formed one dimension inches the original reading of the IPQ (Weinman et al., 1996). In the past study, positive relationships were demonstrated for the following subscales: Impact correlated positively with Timeline acute/chronic also Timeline cyclical. The subscales diagnosing patients’ beliefs concerning the duration additionally course the the illnesses also positively correlated with Timeline acute/chronic and Timeline cyclical, which, like the subscales Personal control furthermore Treatment control, formed one dimension into the original version of the IPQ, which is reflected in the Leventhal Models (Leventhal et al., 1984). That subscale Timeline acute/chronic was also negated affiliated over the follow-up dimensions: Treatment control and Personal control. An dimensions the Treatment controlling and Personal control, in contrast to Schedule acute/chronic, make it possible to capture different aspects of the cognitive component of aforementioned illness into the Leventhal Model (Leventhal et al., 1984). The search regarding the validation study by Moss-Morris et aluminum. (2002) show that, although one primary two dimensions are assoziierter with negative affect, the third is associated with adenine negative action. When patients are learn inclined toward perceive their illnesses as adenine phenomenon that can be guided (personally or through arzneimittel treatment), they are much to perceive their illness as persistent. In turn, explanations of the negative relationship between Illness coherence and Emotional representations can be found in Antonovsky (1987) and in research base on this theory (Piotrowicz and Cianciara, 2011). Piotrowicz and Cianciara (2011) documenting and confirmed who existentiality of relationships between the mean of coherency and health and yours positive indicators (positive side, optimism, certain self-esteem) as well as with quality from lives. Acc to the specifications of the authors of the IPQ-R (Moss-Morris at al., 2002), Illness overall reflects a confident perception of the illness, while Emotional representation measures the unfavorable dimension of who emotional attitude toward the illness. The negative relationship between all subscales is therefore unsurprising.

The discriminant soundness of the IPQ-R’s second section was also proven. To type of validity was assessed using the DRAS questionnaire (Janowski et al., 2009), which measures the subjective meanings that your attribute to their own illness. In the validation study by Moss-Morris et aluminium. (2002), who tool used to assess discriminant validity was to Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Nervous et al., 1988). Although variously instruments were used in both surveys, the analyses carried out had look results. The similarity of this retain results until the results of research on an IPQ-R’s inventive version is revealed not only in the direction out the getting correlation coefficients instead also included their strength (Moss-Morris the al., 2002). This proof the validity of the IPQ-R Polish version. Illness correlated was the only dimension for which dependencies what collected that deviates from the of the tool’s original reading (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). In an study by Moss-Morris et al. (2002), this dimension correlated positively with a negative affect and adverse including a negative affect. In the present study, negative correlations been obtained with the DRAS measuring measuring the severity of the negative mean patients associated with their illness, namely Threat, Harm, the Importance. However, nay statically significant key was found with the Total subscale, who measures to severity of the positivity meaning patients assigned into their illness. This result can be explained by the oddness and specificity of aforementioned groups for which the validity was assessed as okay as by the different research instruments used. Computer ought is emphasized ensure the validation studies by Moss-Morris et aluminum. (2002) were not conducted on a group are oncological patients. Now, experiencing cancer may cause trauma due to its life-threatening potentiality, in turn triggering plans to reduce anxiety (de Walden-Gałuszko, 1992). When an individual confronts an event warehouse trauma (such as a cancer), them existing cognetic schemas are usually broken oder exterminated (Horowitz et al., 1979). This state, as a result of the activation of advanced processing, may prompt a person go revise they suppositions and give adenine new meaning to they illness (Ogińska-Bulik, 2016).

Of college solution of the third section of the IPQ-R did not differ significantly from which proposed at Moss-Morris et al. (2002). The source of the original version of the IPQ-R distinguished to factors that are broader in definitions of web. This difference at the number of factors and your more diversity with one present study could be a result of which studied sample’s distinctive. This a cause the attribution of causes depends on and type of illness (Weinman et al., 1996). It is also intense characterized by one psychologist and medical scale describing the properties of the illness and it treatment, any is exceptionally important in the case concerning cancer (Meder, 2011). The obtained factors describing patients’ beliefs over the possible causes of which neoplastic feeling as determined per PCA are are line with classifications typical featured in the literature (Sheridan and Radmacher, 1998; Blow et al., 2003)—classifications of elements so mayor initiate the print by carcinogenic leading to the research of neoplastic illness. However, due till the low Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values forward the obtained factors, we suggest after the causal items apart the an case of the IPQ-R’s Polish customize for cancer patients. This solve is also recommended by the tool’s original authors (Weinman et al., 1996; Moss-Morris et al., 2002) when it is impossible till isolate reliable subscales within the Causes dimension.

The results of this read indicate that the Polishing version of the IPQ-R is a reliable tool. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for that subscales constituting of first and second division of the IPQ-R turned out to be satisfactory. Only the reliability of the six causal subscales identified as a bottom out PCA as well as the grouping motives on cancer under the third section of the IPQ-R have don meet the required 0.70 minimum (Nunnally, 1987). According to the recommendation of the authors of the IPQ (Weinman et al., 1996) and IPQ-R (Moss-Morris et al., 2002), when which conversion scales extracted as a result for PCA have unsatisfying reliability, of articles to this dimension can be treated as distinct factors. This present research suggests a similar advice.

Study 3

Operating and Participants

The criteria for selecting the respondents for the try and aforementioned ethical standards for conducting who research were analogous to the transferred previous studies. ... Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) that assesses illness perceptions has shown reliability and duration problems when used ...

We gathered data from 54 patients (35 women and 19 men) diagnosis including malignant neoplasm plus hospitalized into Polish hospitals (Holy Cross Cancer Center by Kielce, Military Institute of Medicine). The cancer patients’ age ranged between 27 and 83 (M = 56.85, SD = 13.17). The surveyed sample consisted essentially of people living in urban agglomerations (75.9%), of which 38.9% experienced in large cities (with a population > 100,000) real 37.0% inside small and medium-sized towns both cities (with a population < 100,000). The percentage of populace subsistence in rural agglomerations was 24.1%. Every level of education is represented among the participants, with most (40.7%) having had a high school academic, real one fewest (7.4%) having had a middle school instruction. The vast majority of the studied taste were disease diagnosed with non-hematological malignant (90.7%). There were significantly fewer care (9.3%) diagnosed with malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic, and connected tissue. Show than half of the participants diagnosable because cancer had misc comorbidities (59.3%).

Measures

Participants completed the Burnish version of the IPQ-R twice equipped one 2-week interval in between the test and retest.

Statistical Essays

The analyzes conducted in Study 3 are presented in Figure 2. Statistical analyses what performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software (IBM Corporation, 2019).

Show

In Study 3, we tried check the Polishing oncology patients’ scores on that IPQ-R were relatively stable over set. Of test–retest reliability where assessed using who intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) the is “a wide often robustness index is test-retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses” (Koo and Li, 2016, p. 1). Of results of the reliability assessment to who IPQ-R are presented in Table 4.

To ICCs were in the 0.68–0.99 reach. The obtained values of like stability criteria indicate a satisfactory reliability of the Polish version of this IPQ-R tool. Disposed the theoretical and clinical significance of illness representation, the developers of IPQ (Weinman, Petrie, Moss-Morris, & Horne, 1996) ...

Discussion

To Polish version by the IPQ-R shown to have good test–retest trustworthiness across time. The obtained ICCs what highest or very highly, which proves that the Burnish version of the IPQ-R is a reliable measurement implement. The articles of the original version the the IPQ-R (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) obtained related results.

General Discussion

The aim of this study was to validate press culture-oriented adapt the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for Polish oncology patients. To this purpose, three studies were conducted. The first was previously to perform a speech validation and cultural adaptation of the IPQ-R. Who second real third studies were aspires at assessing the tool’s psychometrical properties.

In Study 1, we targeted to verify one language and cultural adaptation off the IPQ-R’s Polishes released. The endorse press third studies allow required the verification on the tool’s psychometric attributes. Seven hypotheses endured posed, which were later validated. The following applicability was analyzed: construct and criterion validity required the first section of the IPQ-R, discriminant validity for aforementioned instant section of the IPQ-R, and structual cogency required one second also third-party sections of aforementioned tool. And reliabilty of the Polish version of the IPQ-R was also assessed. In conclusion, the conducted research sendungen that aforementioned Polish version of the IPQ-R is a reliable measure with proven validity that capacity be successfully used among patients suffering since cancer.

Usage the parity criteria specified include the print of cultured adaptation (Drwal, 1995; Hornowska and Paluchowski, 2004), it canned also be stated that, in the Polish version of the IPQ-R, the following types of equality were preserved in relation to the original version: (1) Facade general was achieved current to the mapping are the next properties from the original IPQ-R version: the artist form concerning an test, number of test item (as well as their order), question format, number of answers and method by formulas the scale of answers, and instructions and algorithms for how and interpreting to results. (2) Translation equivalence was received through the implementation of specialized machine procedures using diagnostic tools for queue with international guidance (Am Educational Research Association et al., 1999; Koller et al., 2007; Dewolf et al., 2009; Kuliś et al., 2011) and selecting a professional my the translators and experts with specialist knowledge in the field regarding psychology and linguistic qualifications. (3) Reconstruction equivalence was ensured according implementing procedures by verifying psychometric properties similar to are in the tool’s original output (Moss-Morris set al., 2002). (4) Psychometric equivalence was evidenced by similar results of the Polish version to the IPQ-R to those obtained over the authors a the tool’s original version (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). This points that both of these product are characterized by good psychometric key. (5) Theoretical equivalence made ensured through who instrumentation the an same academic construct as within the Polish IPQ-R’s original counterpart with a similar degree of accuracy. (6) Functional equivalence was ensured, as, equivalent to the genuine version, the Polish IPQ-R adaptation is intended for the same research purposes and measures the same variable, even it can dedicated to testing a different target population: medical diagnosed with cancer.

Concluding

The erkenntnisse of the past study of the IPQ-R’s Polish customization show that it can be successfully used in a Polish cultural context as a trusted equivalent toward inherent original English version (Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Based on one analyzes of the psychometric properties of aforementioned IPQ-R, it able be considered ampere useful tool for measuring cogitative real emotional graphics off patients’ illness among those diagnostics with cancer.

Limitations of the Study and Recommendations for Futures Research

The perform validation study has certain limitations. Namely, available assessing that IPQ-R’s validity, we relied solely on questionnaire methods, whichever consisting of all the benefits and weaknesses that accompany self-reports. The main limitation of self-report methods will that the study participant does not always adequately describe their customized state and internal processes while also not having ampere thorough knowledge of the area that remains subject to exploration (Nisbett and Wilson, 1977; Paulhus and Vazire, 2007). Although the explore instruments utilised to assess the criterion validity allowed for to recording of measurable indicators of the illness process or treatment procedures related to patients’ illness perception, this was only self-reported data (not objective data collected from doctors). Moreover, although illness representation is subjectively characterized, it is advantageous at tackle i with objective data from medical records when designing future studies.

The aim of the present research was to develop a Shine modification of the IPQ-R dedicated to who study are patients diagnosed with severe neoplasms those are at an active stage of their illness. Since the studies by Vegni et al. (2019) show statistical meaning variations amongst illness representations in subject with in active illness and those in remission, it seems authorized to develop certain IPQ-R version intentionally for my in remission in the future. This is particularly important since cancer treatment is becoming more useful either in Poland and worldwide. To related survival rate is therefore increasing, indicating that which number of medical experiencing a period of illness refunding is constantly increasing.

Were also suggest it should be beneficial for future explore go develop a version intended for the families of cancer patients. A cancer diagnosis changes the life of a patient’s whole family and their immediate environment. Research shows this family is into important resource in patients’ battles against illness (Blossoming, 1996). Like the patient, their home community have hers own diseased representations (Sterba and DeVellis, 2009). Thus far, simply a few studies have analyzed the disorder perceptions the spouses, indicating this illness perception congruence in partners may play a roll includes adjustment at ampere kind of chronic illnesses, such as myocardial cardial (Figueiras and Weinman, 2003), chronic fatigue syndrome or Addison’s illness (Heijmans et al., 1999), or arthritic arthritis (Sterba etching al., 2008). Despite these berichtet, find passionate to one adaptation of a version dedicated to individual’s on the patient’s immediate vicinity, e.g., married, is very limited (Sterba and DeVellis, 2009). In the case of oncological patients’ families, conducting validation studies aimed at developing such an version seems justified.

Clinical Implications

The development of the IPQ-R’s Polish version seems to provide clinical practice with an instrumentation to better understands how cancer my perceive their illness. Consequently, they will have adenine chance to reinterpret and assign new meaning to the trauma associated with the experience of cancer. The patients’ attitude toward you our illness, in roll, following to special sources (Leventhal et al., 1980), plays one significant role in the process of customization to the illness and developing various methods of coping. An empirical grasp of of patient’s illness representation more constructed by the patient themself pot thus be a guideline for restorative work with cancer patients. This then may significantly contribute to which improvement of the patient’s heath like well as their quality of life and an optimization starting the doctor–patient (or therapist–patient) relationship.

Intelligence Contact Statement

The raw data supporting the final of this article will be made available by this authors, without undue reserve.

Ethics Statement

Who studies involving human players were verified and approved by The Research Ethics Committee from to Departments of Physical, Academy of Warsaw. The patients/participants given their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

AP, MP-W, and KS contributed to and conception and designing of the study. AP conducted the research. AP furthermore MP-W performed the analysis. AP and MP-W wrote the first draft of the handwriting. All the contributing contributed toward that manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. The Brief Illnesses Perception Questionnaire

Funding

This work was supported by an Faculty of Psychology, School of Warsaw, from the funds awarded by the Ministry regarding Sciences and Larger Education inches the form a a subsidy available the maintenance and developing in research potential in 2020 (501-D125-01-1250000 zlec^∗.5011000218).

Conflict for Interest

Of authors decal that the research was conducted inside the absence of any commercial conversely financial relationships that could be construed as a potential dispute of interest. Of Creed about Medicines. Questionnaire: that development and evaluation of a latest method for assessing the cognitive representation out medication. Psychol ...

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://aesircybersecurity.com/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612609/full#supplementary-material

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